{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:46:28Z","timestamp":1783489588067,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SUBB.BKWK.23.001","award":["02.0.18.00\/1.02.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02.0.18.00\/1.02.001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The commercialization of modular timber products as cost-effective and lightweight components has resulted in innovative engineering products, e.g., glued laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber, I-beams, cross-laminated timber and solid timber joined with wedge joints. With the passage of time, timber structures can deteriorate, or new structural elements are required to increase the stiffness or load-bearing capacity in newly built structures, e.g., lintels over large-scale glazing or garages, or to reduce cross-sectional dimensions or save costly timber material while still achieving low weight. It is in such cases that repair or correct reinforcement is required. In this experimental and numerical study, the static performance of flexural timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt BFRP, glass GFRP and hybrid glass\u2013basalt fiber bars is shown. The experimental tests resulted in an increase in the load-carrying capacity of BFRP (44%), GFRP (33%) and hybrid bars (43%) and an increase in the stiffness of BFRP (28%), GFRP (24%) and hybrid bars (25%). In addition to this, glued laminated timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt rods subjected to biological degradation, 7 years of weathering and prolonged exposure to various environmental conditions were examined, and an increase in the load-bearing capacity of 27% and an increase in stiffness of 28% were obtained. In addition, full-size laminated timber beams reinforced with prestressed basalt bars were investigated in the field as an exploratory test under fire conditions at elevated temperatures, and the effect of the physical\u2013mechanical properties during the fire was examined via an analysis of these properties after the fire. In addition, a satisfactory correlation of the numerical simulations with the experimental studies was obtained. The differences were between 1.1% and 5.5%. The concordance was due to the fact that, in this study, the Young, Poisson and shear moduli were determined for all quality classes of sawn timber. Only a significant difference resulted in the numerical analysis for the beams exposed to fire under fire conditions. The experimental, theoretical and numerical analyses in this research were exploratory and will be expanded as directions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17030730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T07:50:12Z","timestamp":1707205812000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Application of Composite Bars in Wooden, Full-Scale, Innovative Engineering Products\u2014Experimental and Numerical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wdowiak-Postulak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Strength of Materials and Building Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0392-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"\u015awit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Strength of Materials and Building Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Dziedzic-Jagocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality Management and Intellectual Property, Faculty of Management and Computer Modeling, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Khaled, S. (2024, January 23). Finite Element Modelling for Timber Beams Reinforced with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP). A PHD Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. BUDAPEST. Available online: https:\/\/repozitorium.omikk.bme.hu\/items\/9a7c910f-257e-4643-8f63-2c6be3a6de74."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684413516393","article-title":"Hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composites\u2014A review","volume":"33","author":"Sathishkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.22654","article-title":"Synthetic fibers and thermoplastic short-fiber-reinforced polymers: Properties and characterization","volume":"35","author":"Unterweger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/22243682.2018.1534609","article-title":"Experimental investigation on morphological, physical and shear properties of hybrid composite laminates reinforced with flax and carbon fibers","volume":"6","author":"Ramesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chin. Adv. Mater. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"158","article-title":"Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of FRP-Strengthened Solid and Glulam Timber Beams","volume":"2","author":"Avcar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eng. Manag. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Uddin, M., and Prakash, C. (2022). Introduction, History, and Origin of Composite Materials, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003327370-1"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1612","article-title":"A new higher-order mixed four-node quadrilateral finite element for static bending analysis of functionally graded plates","volume":"47","author":"Avcar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Experimental study on dynamic mechanical properties of mortar-sandstone composite under impact load","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.05.015","article-title":"Synthesis of polyaniline-modified graphene oxide for obtaining a high performance epoxy nanocomposite film with excellent UV blocking\/anti-oxidant\/anti-corrosion capabilities","volume":"173","author":"Amrollahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.022","article-title":"Insights into the physical and chemical properties of a cement-polymer composite developed for geothermal wellbore applications","volume":"97","author":"Rod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"203280","article-title":"Effects of hybrid carbon-aramid fiber on performance of non-asbestos organic brake friction composites","volume":"452\u2013453","author":"Farhad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2020.100453","article-title":"Investigation of anticorrosive properties of novel silane-functionalized polyamide\/GO nanocomposite as steel coatings","volume":"18","author":"Atefeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wdowiak-Postulak, A. (2022). Ductility load capacity and bending stiffness of Scandinavian pine beams from waste timber strengthened with jute fibres. Drewno, 65.","DOI":"10.12841\/wood.1644-3985.417.01"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.116479","article-title":"Numerical, theoretical and experimental models of the static performance of timber beams reinforced with steel, basalt and glass pre-stressed bars","volume":"305","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wdowiak-Postulak, A., Bahleda, F., and Prokop, J. (2023). An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Glued Laminated Beams Strengthened by Pre-Stressed Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bars. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16072776"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wdowiak-Postulak, A., Wieruszewski, M., Bahleda, F., Prokop, J., and Brol, J. (2023). Fibre-Reinforced Polymers and Steel for the Reinforcement of Wooden Elements\u2014Experimental and Numerical Analysis. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15092062"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2021.08.111","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigations of aluminium-timber composite beams with bolted connections","volume":"34","author":"Polus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.12.024","article-title":"Effects of scarf joints on bending strength and modulus of elasticity to laminated veneer lumber (LVL)","volume":"42","author":"Ozcifci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2003.07.004","article-title":"Experimental study of static and fatigue strengths of pultruded GFRP rods bonded into LVL and glulam","volume":"24","author":"Madhoushi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bednarek, Z., Pieniak, D., and Ogrodnik, P. (2010, December 31). Wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 na Zginanie i Niezawodno\u015b\u0107 Kompozytu Drewnianego LVL w Warunkach Podwy\u017cszonych Temperatur. Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP 40\/2010. Available online: http:\/\/yadda.icm.edu.pl\/baztech\/element\/bwmeta1.element.baztech-4f6852a4-1b30-4cf5-b814-b5bef9e9b6c0."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2019.178340","article-title":"Thermal degradation study of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under inert and oxidative environments","volume":"679","author":"Pallab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2010). Eurokod 5\u2014Projektowanie Konstrukcji Drewnianych\u2014Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1-1: Postanowienia Og\u00f3lne\u2014Regu\u0142y Og\u00f3lne i Regu\u0142y Dotycz\u0105ce Budynk\u00f3w (Standard No. PN-EN 1995-1-1:2010)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bengtsson, C., and Johansson, C.J. (,  2000). Test methods for glued-in rods for timber structures. Proceedings of the 33th Conference of CIB-W18, Delft, The Netherlands. Paper 33-7-8."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Harvey, K., and Ansell, M.P. (August, January 31). Improved timber connections using bonded-in GFRP rods. Proceedings of the World Conference of Timber Engineering, Whistler Resort, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-015-1001-2","article-title":"Pull-compression tests on glued-in metric thread rods parallel to grain in glulam and laminated veneer lumber of different timber species","volume":"74","author":"Hunger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02481558","article-title":"Pull-out behaviour of steel rods bonded into timber","volume":"34","author":"Broughton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00833492","article-title":"Development of LVL frame structures using glued metal plate joints I: Bond quality and joint performance of LVL-metal joints using epoxy resins","volume":"45","author":"Yoshida","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2018.1555477","article-title":"Fatigue of glued-in rods in engineered hardwood products\u2014Part I: Experimental results","volume":"95","author":"Myslicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:1(11)","article-title":"Timber beams strengthened with GFRP bars: Development and Applications","volume":"6","author":"Gentile","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Compos. Construction"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2014.10.036","article-title":"Basalt FRP rods for reinforcement and repair of timber","volume":"70","author":"Raftery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comps. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.135","article-title":"Flexural behavior of FRP and steel reinforced glulam beams: Experimental and theoretical evaluation","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Che, C. (2023). Investigating the Effects of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Fabrics and Bars on the Flexural Behaviour of Sawn Timber and Glulam Beams. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Waterloo]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:1(173)","article-title":"Strengthening timber bridge beams using carbon fiber","volume":"131","author":"Buell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrimpton, C., Siciliano, S., Chen, H., Vetter, Y., and Lacroix, D. (2023, January 19\u201322). An Experimental Investigation of Failure Modes in Short-Span FRP Reinforced Glulam Beams. Proceedings of the World Conference on Timber Engineering, Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.52202\/069179-0028"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Vetter, Y. (2022, July 20). Investigating the Behaviour of Short-Span FRP-Reinforced Glulam Beams. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10012\/18457."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacroix, D., and Doudak, G. (2018). Experimental and analytical investigation of FRP retrofitted glued-laminated beams subjected to simulated blast loading. J. Struct. Eng., 144.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002084"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sulik, P., and S\u0119d\u0142ak, B. (2019, November 18). General Rules for Research of Fire Resistance of Wooden Components [Og\u00f3lne Zasady Dotycz\u0105ce Bada\u0144 Odporno\u015bci Ogniowej Element\u00f3w Drewnianych]. IZOLACJE 10\/2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.izolacje.com.pl\/artykul\/sciany-stropy\/193406,ogolne-zasady-dotyczace-badan-odpornosci-ogniowej-elementow-drewnianych."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2002, June 15). Rozporz\u0105dzenie Ministra Infrastruktry z Dnia 12 Kwietnia 2002 r. w Sprawie Warunk\u00f3w Technicznych, Jakim Powinny Odpowiada\u0107 Budynki i ich Usytuowanie. (DzU Nr 75 poz. 690) z P\u00f3\u017aniejszymi Zmianami (DzU 2015 poz. 1422 t.j.), Available online: https:\/\/isap.sejm.gov.pl\/isap.nsf\/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20020750690."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2022, June 09). Obwieszczenie Ministra Rozwoju i Technologii z Dnia 15 Kwietnia 2022 r. w Sprawie Og\u0142oszenia Jednolitego Tekstu Rozporz\u0105dzenia Ministra Infrastruktury w Sprawie Warunk\u00f3w Technicznych, Jakim Powinny Odpowiada\u0107 Budynki i Ich Usytuowanie, Available online: https:\/\/isap.sejm.gov.pl\/isap.nsf\/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20220001225."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2008). Projektowanie Konstrukcji Drewnianych. Cz. 1\u20132: Postanowienia Og\u00f3lne\u2014Projektowania Konstrukcji z Uwagi na Warunki Po\u017carowe (Standard No. PN-EN 1995-1-2:2008)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wdowiak-Postulak, A., Goc\u00e1l, J., Bahleda, F., and Prokop, J. (2023). Load and Deformation Analysis in Experimental and Numerical Studies of Full-Size Wooden Beams Reinforced with Prestressed FRP and Steel Bars. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413178"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wdowiak-Postulak, A. (2020). Natural Fibre as Reinforcement for Vintage Wood. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214799"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Wdowiak, A. (2019). Structural and Strength Properties of Bended Wooden Beams Reinforced with Fiber Composites. [Ph.D. Thesis, Kielce University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2006). Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (Standard No. ACI 440.1R-06)."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2016, March 16). Catalog\u2014POLPREK Composite Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, Part II\u2014Guide for Designers. Available online: https:\/\/www.firmybudowlane.pl\/firma\/polprek-sp-z-oo,d8zdb.html."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2013). Konstrukcje Drewniane\u2014Drewno Klejone Warstwowo i Konstrukcyjne Sklejone Drewno Lite\u2014Wymagania (Standard No. PN-EN 14080:2013-07)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2013). Coniferous Construction Timber Sorted by Strength Methods (Standard No. PN-D-94021:2013-10)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2023, November 22). Available online: https:\/\/www.mapei.com\/pl\/pl\/produkty-i-rozwiazania\/lista-produktow\/informacje-o-produktach\/mapewrap-31."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2012). Timber Structures\u2014Structural Timber and Glued Laminated Timber\u2014Determination of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties (Standard No. PN-EN 408+A1:2012)."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/3\/730\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:54:20Z","timestamp":1760104460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/3\/730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17030730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17030730","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]}}}