{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:34:25Z","timestamp":1768314865008,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["19K10122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K10122"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["20K12682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K12682"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (bmp-2) has a high potential to induce bone tissue formation in skeletal muscles. We developed a bone induction system in skeletal muscles using the bmp-2 gene through in vivo electroporation. Natural bone tissues with skeletal muscles can be considered potential candidates for biomaterials. However, our previous system using plate-type electrodes did not achieve a 100% success rate in inducing bone tissues in skeletal muscles. In this study, we aimed to enhance the efficiency of bone tissue formation in skeletal muscles by using a non-viral bmp-2 gene expression plasmid vector (pCAGGS-bmp-2) and needle-type electrodes. Methods: We injected the bmp-2 gene with pCAGGS-bmp-2 into the skeletal muscles of rats\u2019 legs and immediately placed needle-type electrodes there. Skeletal tissues were then observed on the 21st day after gene transfer using soft X-ray and histological analyses. Results: The use of needle-type electrodes resulted in a 100% success rate in inducing bone tissues in skeletal muscles. In contrast, the plate-type electrodes only exhibited a 33% success rate. Thus, needle-type electrodes can be more efficient and reliable for transferring the bmp-2 gene to skeletal muscles, making them potential biomaterials for repairing bone defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1707903018000},"page":"880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["bmp-2 Gene-Transferred Skeletal Muscles with Needle-Type Electrodes as Efficient and Reliable Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5432-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariko Yamamoto","family":"Kawai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Welfare, Kansai Women\u2019s College, Osaka 582-0026, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-3238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Kashiwagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Nagahiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry\/Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry\/Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khan","family":"Masud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oral Health Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Oral Health Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Ohura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Taisei Gakuin University, Osaka 587-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School, Division of Dental Research, Osaka Dental University, Osaka 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-016-0563-4","article-title":"Scientific evidence on the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in oral and maxillofacial surgery","volume":"20","author":"Okamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. 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