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The diameter of the F-TiO2-0.3 hollow spheres with a nominal ratio of F:Ti = 0.3:1 was about 200\u2013400 nm. Compared with the sensor based on pristine TiO2 sensing materials, the F-TiO2-0.3 sensor displayed an enhanced sensing performance toward gaseous formaldehyde (HCHO) vapor at room temperature under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The F-TiO2-0.3 sensor demonstrated an approximately 18-fold enhanced response (1.56) compared to the pristine TiO2 sensor (0.085). The response and recovery times of the F-TiO2-0.3 sensor to 10 ppm HCHO were about 56 s and 64 s, respectively, and a limit-of-detection value of 0.5 ppm HCHO was estimated. The F-TiO2-0.3 sensor also demonstrated good repeatability and selectivity to HCHO gas under UV light irradiation. The outstanding HCHO gas-sensing properties of the F-TiO2-0.3 sensor were related to the following factors: the excitation effect caused by the UV light facilitated surface chemical reactions with analyte gas species; the hollow sphere structure provided sufficient active sites; and the surface fluoride (\u2261Ti\u2212F) created additional chemisorption sites on the surface of the TiO2 material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T11:19:01Z","timestamp":1707995941000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fluorinated TiO2 Hollow Spheres for Detecting Formaldehyde under UV Irradiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3051-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Dongnanhu Road, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5165-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.01.049","article-title":"Synergistic effects in gas sensing semiconducting oxide nanoheterostructures: A review","volume":"286","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. 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