{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T09:28:08Z","timestamp":1768728488848,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Society in the context of the lighthouse project","award":["ElKaWe\u2013Electrocaloric heat pumps"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ElKaWe\u2013Electrocaloric heat pumps"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper reports on effect of grain-growth inhibitors MgO, Y2O3 and MnCO3 as well as Ca modification on the microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and electrocaloric (EC) properties of Ba0.82Sr0.18Sn0.065Ti0.935O3 (BSSnT). Furthermore, the effects of the sintering time and temperature on the microstructure and the electrical properties of the most promising material system Ba0.62Ca0.20Sr0.18Sn0.065Ti0.935O3 (BCSSnT-20) are investigated. Additions of MgO (xMgO = 1%), Y2O3 (xY2O3 = 0.25%) and MnCO3 (xMnCO3 = 1%) significantly decreased the mean grain size of BSSnT to 0.4 \u00b5m, 0.8 \u00b5m and 0.4 \u00b5m, respectively. Ba0.62Ca0.20Sr0.18Sn0.065Ti0.935O3 (BCSSnT-20) gained a homogeneous fine-grained microstructure with an average grain size of 1.5 \u00b5m, leading to a maximum electrocaloric temperature change |\u0394TEC| of 0.49 K at 40 \u00b0C with a broad peak of |\u0394TEC| &gt; 0.33 K in the temperature range from 10 \u00b0C to 75 \u00b0C under an electric field change of 5 V \u00b5m\u22121. By increasing the sintering temperature of BCSSnT-20 from 1350 \u00b0C to 1425 \u00b0C, the grain size increased from 1.5 \u00b5m to 7.3 \u00b5m and the maximum electrocaloric temperature change |\u0394TEC| increased from 0.15 K at 35 \u00b0C to 0.37 K at 20 \u00b0C under an electric field change of 2 V \u00b5m\u22121. Our results show that under all investigated material systems, BCSSnT-20 is the most promising candidate for future application in multilayer ceramic (MLC) components for EC cooling devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17051036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T03:34:04Z","timestamp":1708918444000},"page":"1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of Grain-Growth Inhibitors on Modified (Ba,Sr)(Sn,Ti)O3 for Electrocaloric Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4171-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenglyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Molin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3497-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia E.","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, T., and Zhang, Q. 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