{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T07:47:18Z","timestamp":1779090438212,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ACT N\u00b0 03\/2020"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Los Libertadores\u2014Colombia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aftermarket additives are used to enhance the performance of internal combustion engines in specific aspects such as reducing wear, increasing power, and improving fuel economy. Despite their advantages, they can sometimes cause corrosion-related problems. This research evaluated the corrosiveness of four aftermarket additives on the corrosion of a high-leaded tin bronze alloy over 28 days at 80 \u00b0C in immersion tests. Among the evaluated products, three showed corrosive effects ranging from intermediate to severe. Notably, the visual appearance of the surfaces often did not indicate the underlying corrosive damage. Therefore, the assessment of corrosiveness was based on chemical characterizations conducted on both the drained oils and the bronze surfaces. The study found minimal oil degradation under the testing conditions, indicating that the primary cause of corrosion was the interaction between the specific additives and the metal elements of the alloy, rather than oil degradation itself. A direct correlation was observed between the dissolution of lead and copper and the adsorption of S and Cl-containing additives on the surfaces, respectively. The corrosive impact of Cl-containing additives in aftermarket formulations was significantly reduced when mixed with engine oil SAE 10W-30 (at a 25:1 ratio), suggesting a mitigated effect in combined formulations, which is the recommended usage for engines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17061326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T13:08:43Z","timestamp":1710335323000},"page":"1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Corrosive Effects of Aftermarket Oil Additives on High-Leaded Tin Bronze Alloy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0346-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriana Palma","family":"Calabokis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GrMatS Group, Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81280-340, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Los Libertadores, Bogot\u00e1 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9879-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamid","family":"Nu\u00f1ez de la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GrMatS Group, Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81280-340, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Los Libertadores, Bogot\u00e1 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo C\u00e9sar","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GrMatS Group, Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81280-340, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0660-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Cousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GrMatS Group, Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81280-340, Brazil"},{"name":"Centre for Bulk Solids and Particulate Technologies, The University of Newcastle, Shortland, NSW 2307, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2011.11.022","article-title":"Global Energy Consumption Due to Friction in Passenger Cars","volume":"47","author":"Holmberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, May 29). Noria Corporation Are Aftermarket Oil Additives Beneficial?. Available online: https:\/\/www.machinerylubrication.com\/Read\/29610\/aftermarket-oil-additives."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"5131","article-title":"Synthesis of Over-Based Magnesium Stearate Using Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation as Multifunction Lubricating Oil Additives","volume":"63","author":"Hussein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2003.12.006","article-title":"Trends in Tribological Materials and Engine Technology","volume":"37","author":"Becker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agocs, A., Rappo, M., Obrecht, N., Schneidhofer, C., Frauscher, M., and Besser, C. (2023). The Impact of Ammonia Fuel on Marine Engine Lubrication: An Artificial Lubricant Ageing Approach. Lubricants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants11040165"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03738-2","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, and Performance Evaluation of Poly(Long-Chain \u03b1-Olefin-Co-Acrylates) as Multifunctional Additives for Lubricating Base Oils","volume":"79","author":"Kukrety","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2019). Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test (Standard No. ASTM D130-19)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, G. (2018, January 16\u201318). New Perspectives on Lubricant Additive Corrosion: Comparison of Methods and Metallurgy. In Proceedings of the WCX World Congress Experience, Detroit, MI, USA. SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-0656"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/ls.63","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Dissolution of Copper in Transformer Oils","volume":"20","author":"Kalantar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lubr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2011.588635","article-title":"The X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Surface Films Formed during the ASTM D-130\/ISO 2160 Copper Corrosion Test","volume":"32","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4271\/04-13-03-0016","article-title":"Establishing Long-Term Corrosion Protection of Copper-Based Alloys in Modern Transmissions","volume":"13","author":"Bares","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayne, D.T., Shanklin, J.R., and Stachew, C.F. (2002, January 21\u201324). Controlling the Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Engine Oil Formulations: Antiwear, Friction Modifier, Dispersant Synergy. In Proceedings of the SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/2002-01-2767"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024800900716","article-title":"Combined in Situ (ATR FT-IR) and Ex-Situ (XPS) Study of the ZnDTP-Iron Surface Interaction","volume":"15","author":"Piras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8675","DOI":"10.1021\/ie4032814","article-title":"Stability and Reactivity of Sulfur Compounds against Copper in Insulating Mineral Oil: Definition of a Corrosiveness Ranking","volume":"53","author":"Bruzzoniti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabokis, O.P., Nu\u00f1ez de la Rosa, Y., Borges, P.C., and Cousseau, T. (2022). Effect of an Aftermarket Additive in Powertrain Wear and Fuel Consumption of Small-Capacity Motorcycles: A Lab and Field Study. Lubricants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants10070143"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabokis, O.P., Nu\u00f1ez de la Rosa, Y., Ballesteros-Ballesteros, V., Borges, P.C., and Cousseau, T. (2023). Effect of a Metal Conditioner on the Physicochemical Properties and Tribological Performance of the Engine Oil SAE 5W-30 API SN. Lubricants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants11070305"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared ( FT-IR ) Spectrometry (Standard No. ASTM E2412-10)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Test Method for Multielement Determination of Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) (Standard No. ASTM D5185)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1080\/10402004.2012.721921","article-title":"Proposal of an FTIR Methodology to Monitor Oxidation Level in Used Engine Oils: Effects of Thermal Degradation and Fuel Dilution","volume":"55","author":"Tormos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2021.107079","article-title":"Comprehensive Assessment of Oil Degradation Patterns in Petrol and Diesel Engines Observed in a Field Test with Passenger Cars\u2014Conventional Oil Analysis and Fuel Dilution","volume":"161","author":"Agocs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2019.04.003","article-title":"A Sustainable and Simple Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Method for Sulfur Determination at Trace Levels in Biodiesel Samples via Formation of Biodiesel Spots on a Suitable Solid Support","volume":"156","author":"Resano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part. B At. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Stachowiak, G.W., and Batchelor, A.W. (2014). Engineering Tribology, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2021.139081","article-title":"Performance of Curing Epoxy Resin as Potential Anticorrosive Coating for Carbon Steel in 3.5% NaCl Medium: Combining Experimental and Computational Approaches","volume":"783","author":"Hsissou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/6\/1326\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:13:03Z","timestamp":1760105583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/6\/1326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17061326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17061326","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]}}}