{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T17:54:17Z","timestamp":1760205257208,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52275358","202202050201017","20210302123275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275358","202202050201017","20210302123275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["52275358","202202050201017","20210302123275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275358","202202050201017","20210302123275"]}]},{"name":"Applied Basic Research Project of Shanxi Province","award":["52275358","202202050201017","20210302123275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275358","202202050201017","20210302123275"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional methods for studying the plastic behavior of materials involve uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression. However, in the metal rolling process, the deformation zone undergoes a complex loading of multidirectional compression and shear. Characterizing the corresponding plastic evolution process online poses challenges, and the existing specimen structures struggle to accurately replicate the deformation-induced loading characteristics. In this study, we aimed to design a compression\u2013shear composite loading specimen that closely mimics the actual processing conditions. The goal was to investigate how the specimen structure influences the stress\u2013strain response in the deformation zone. Using commercial finite element software, a compression\u2013shear composite loading specimen was meticulously designed. Five 304 stainless steel specimens underwent uniaxial compressive loading, with variation angles between the preset notch angle (PNA) of the specimen and compression direction. We employed digital image correlation methods to capture the impact of the PNA on the strain field during compression. Additionally, we aimed to elucidate the plastic response resulting from the stress state of the specimen, particularly in relation to specimen fracture and microstructural evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17061424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T09:14:33Z","timestamp":1710926073000},"page":"1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Compression\u2013Shear Specimen Stress-State Response and Distribution Characteristics with Wide Stress Triaxiality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8602-0269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunjiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7522-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongxing Energy Equipment Co., Ltd., Nantong 226121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaolu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2022.103258","article-title":"Stress-state dependency of ductile fracture in an extruded magnesium alloy and its underlying mechanisms","volume":"152","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-716X(94)90594-0","article-title":"The state of stress and strain in cold-rolled metal and the localization of strain in shear bands","volume":"30","author":"Kusnierz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scripta Metal. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2022.117532","article-title":"Cryogenic deformation behavior of 6061 aluminum alloy tube under biaxial tension condition","volume":"303","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Tech."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Astakhov, V.P., and Outeiro, J.C. (2008). Machining, Springer. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(99)00252-6","article-title":"A treatise on material characterization in the metal cutting process. Part 1: A novel approach and experimental verification","volume":"96","author":"Astakhov","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Davim, J.P. (2011). Finite Element Method in Manufacturing Processes, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2007.12.001","article-title":"A ductile damage criterion at various stress triaxialities","volume":"24","author":"Chyra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2004.07.011","article-title":"On the cut-off value of negative triaxiality for fracture","volume":"72","author":"Bao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2012.01.003","article-title":"A new approach for ductile fracture prediction on Al 2024-T351 alloy","volume":"35","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2013.08.006","article-title":"Modeling of shear ductile fracture considering a changeable cut-off value for stress triaxiality","volume":"54","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2022.111993","article-title":"A stress-based shear fracture criterion considering the effect of stress triaxiality and Lode parameter","volume":"256","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"112","article-title":"An extended GTN model for low stress triaxiality and application in spinning forming","volume":"263","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02672301","article-title":"Kinetics of strain-induced martensitic nucleation","volume":"6","author":"Olson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Metal. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1080\/02670836.2017.1342016","article-title":"Modification of Olson\u2013Cohen model for predicting stress-state dependency of martensitic transformation","volume":"33","author":"Mansourinejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(97)00184-2","article-title":"Stress-state dependence of work-hardening behavior in aluminium alloy sheet","volume":"72","author":"Mahmudi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Tech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2023.103525","article-title":"Critical resolved shear stresses for slip and twinning in Mg-Y-Ca alloys and their effect on the ductility","volume":"162","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2019.10.055","article-title":"Influence of the stress state on the cross-slip free energy barrier in Al: An atomistic investigation","volume":"184","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(76)90024-7","article-title":"On the mechanisms of ductile failure in high-strength steels subjected to multi-axial stress-states","volume":"24","author":"Hancock","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01157547","article-title":"Ductile failure by void nucleation, growth and coalescence","volume":"26","author":"Thomson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5096(98)00060-X","article-title":"Influence of hydrostatic stress on failure of axisymmetric notched specimens","volume":"47","author":"Alves","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1081\/SME-100107622","article-title":"Measurement of ductile material damage","volume":"29","author":"Alves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mech. Struct. Mach."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2004.02.006","article-title":"On fracture locus in the equivalent strain and stress triaxiality space","volume":"46","author":"Bao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2015.02.013","article-title":"A bifailure specimen for accessing failure criteria performance","volume":"71","author":"Driemeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"90","article-title":"Calibration of ductile fracture criteria at negative stress triaxiality","volume":"108","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2022.108571","article-title":"Verification of void growth-based exponential damage function for ductile crack initiation over the full range of stress triaxialities","volume":"269","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2013.05.007","article-title":"A novel approach for determining material constitutive parameters for a wide range of triaxiality under plane strain loading conditions","volume":"74","author":"Abushawashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2243","article-title":"Constitutive Model of Stainless Steel 0Cr18Ni9 and Its Influence on Cutting Force Prediction","volume":"23","author":"Ling","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2017.12.003","article-title":"Damage and failure at negative stress triaxialities: Experiments, modeling and numerical simulations","volume":"102","author":"Gerke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2014.01.008","article-title":"Effect of Lode parameter on plastic flow localization after proportional loading at low stress triaxialities","volume":"66","author":"Dunand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2018.09.006","article-title":"The mechanisms of ductile rupture","volume":"161","author":"Noell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2007.12.035","article-title":"Experimental investigation of void coalescence in metallic sheets containing laser drilled holes","volume":"56","author":"Weck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10704-009-9422-8","article-title":"Application of extended Mohr\u2013Coulomb criterion to ductile fracture","volume":"161","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2007.08.012","article-title":"Ductile fracture initiation and propagation modeling using damage plasticity theory","volume":"75","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2007.08.002","article-title":"Modification of the Gurson Model for shear failure","volume":"27","author":"Nahshon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech. A Solid"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"286","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of Friction Coefficient and Wear Rate of Stainless Steel 304 Sliding against Smooth and Rough Mild Steel Counterfaces","volume":"35","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tribol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2020.110401","article-title":"Ductile fracture of high strength steel under multi-axial loading","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(01)01789-0","article-title":"Fracture limit curve in upset forging of cylinders","volume":"334","author":"Ragab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.11.047","article-title":"Deformation Mechanisms of 304L Stainless Steel with Heterogeneous Lamella Structure","volume":"742","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.07.010","article-title":"Strain Partitioning and Texture Evolution during Cold Rolling of AISI 201 Austenitic Stainless Steel","volume":"702","author":"Filho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2015.12.006","article-title":"Strain Hardening Exponent Role in Phenomenological Ductile Fracture Criteria","volume":"57","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech. A Solids"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bridgman, P.W. (1964). With Special Emphasis on the Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2019.08.004","article-title":"Damage mechanism analysis of a high-strength dual-phase steel sheet with optimized fracture samples for various stress states and loading rates","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2013.03.012","article-title":"Micro-mechanical studies on the effect of the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter on ductile damage","volume":"50","author":"Gerke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2021.153080","article-title":"Tensile Fracture Behavior and Texture Evolution of a Hot-Rolled W\u2013Y2(Zr)O3 Alloy","volume":"554","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.10.199","article-title":"Effect of Compressive Load on Texture Evolution and Anisotropic Behavior of Dual-Phase Steel under Biaxial Loading in Complete \u03c311-\u03c322 Space","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/6\/1424\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:43Z","timestamp":1760105803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/6\/1424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17061424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17061424","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]}}}