{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:04Z","timestamp":1787028844355,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanxi International Cooperation Project","award":["201603D421026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201603D421026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of hydrogen content on the deformation and fracture behavior of 27Cr\u22124Mo\u22122Ni super ferritic stainless steel (SFSS) was investigated in this study. It was shown that the plasticity and yield strength of SFSS were very susceptible to hydrogen content. The introduction of hydrogen led to a significant decrease in elongation and a concurrent increase in yield strength. Nevertheless, a critical threshold was identified in the elongation reduction, after which the elongation remained approximately constant even with more hydrogen introduced, while the yield strength exhibited a monotonic increase with increasing hydrogen content within the experimental range, attributed to the pinning effect of the hydrogen Cottrell atmosphere on dislocations. Furthermore, the hydrogen-charged SFSS shows an apparent drop in flow stress after upper yielding and a reduced work hardening rate during the subsequent plastic deformation. The more hydrogen is charged, the more the flow stress drops, and the lower the work hardening rate becomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17071546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T12:09:40Z","timestamp":1711627780000},"page":"1546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hydrogen Embrittlement of 27Cr\u22124Mo\u22122Ni Super Ferritic Stainless Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqiang","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanxin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuwei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2019.08.044","article-title":"The most frequent failure causes in super ferritic stainless steels are they really super?","volume":"17","author":"Azevedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2021.109311","article-title":"A comparative study on the critical pitting criteria of a super ferritic stainless steel at different temperatures in chloride or bromide solution","volume":"183","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02644282","article-title":"Intermetallic Phase Formation in 25Cr-3Mo-4Ni Ferritic Stainless Steel","volume":"14","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2022.112050","article-title":"The dissolution behavior of \u03c3-phase and the plasticity recovery of precipitation-embrittlement super-ferritic stainless steel","volume":"190","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106044","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength marine steel as a weld joint in artificial seawater under cathodic polarization","volume":"134","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2019.03.028","article-title":"Formation of intermetallics and its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of 27Cr-4Mo-2Ni super ferritic steels","volume":"151","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2016.03.022","article-title":"Effects of Cr Content on the Microstructure and Properties of 26Cr\u20133.5Mo\u20132Ni and 29Cr\u20133.5Mo\u20132Ni Super Ferritic Stainless Steels","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s40195-014-0070-2","article-title":"Effects of Microalloying and Heat-Treatment Temperature on the Toughness of 26Cr\u20133.5Mo Super Ferritic Stainless Steels","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.09.201","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement in different materials: A review","volume":"43","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.12.252","article-title":"A focused review of the hydrogen storage tank embrittlement mechanism process","volume":"48","author":"Okonkwo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2022.118410","article-title":"Defeating hydrogen-induced grain-boundary embrittlement via triggering unusual interfacial segregation in FeCrCoNi-type high-entropy alloys","volume":"241","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.142169","article-title":"Interrelationship between hydrogen and \u03b1\u2032-martensite of SUS 304 austenitic stainless steel revealed by tensile tests","volume":"831","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2020.03.038","article-title":"Nitrogen effect on hydrogen diffusivity and hydrogen embrittlement behavior in austenitic stainless steels","volume":"184","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.142043","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement fracture mechanism of 430 ferritic stainless steel: The significant role of carbides and dislocations","volume":"829","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2022.110332","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen trapping on hydrogen permeation in a 2205 duplex stainless steel: Role of austenite\u2013ferrite interface","volume":"202","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-015-2836-1","article-title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement Understood","volume":"46","author":"Robertson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2019.05.029","article-title":"Hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism of the special \u03a35(0 1 2)[1 0 0] grain boundary in Ni with Mo and C solutes","volume":"167","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangloff, R.P. (2012). Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Materials in Energy Technologie, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095374"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(94)90975-X","article-title":"Hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity\u2014A mechanism for hydrogen-related fracture","volume":"176","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0012851","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement in ferritic steels","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02814988","article-title":"Hydrogen diffusivities in molten iron between 0.1 and1.5 atm H2","volume":"2","author":"Solar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2022.104709","article-title":"Hydrogen in pipeline steels: Recent advances in characterization and embrittlement mitigation","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2017.08.011","article-title":"The role of reversed austenite in hydrogen embrittlement fracture of S41500 martensitic stainless steel","volume":"139","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2013.11.058","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen on ductility of high strength 3Ni\u2013Cr\u2013Mo\u2013V steels","volume":"594","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2017.10.032","article-title":"Failure mechanism transition of hydrogen embrittlement in AISI 304 K-TIG weld metal under tensile loading","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.140851","article-title":"Effects of microstructural characteristics on the hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of austenitic, ferritic, and \u03b3\u2013\u03b1 duplex stainless steels","volume":"807","author":"Okayasu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.03.097","article-title":"Assessment of the potential of hydrogen plasma charging as compared to conventional electrochemical hydrogen charging on dual phase steel","volume":"754","author":"Depover","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2015.11.017","article-title":"Effect of grain refinement on hydrogen embrittlement behaviors of high-Mn TWIP steel","volume":"651","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.09.031","article-title":"Atomic-scale investigation of deep hydrogen trapping in NbC\/\u03b1-Fe semi-coherent interfaces","volume":"200","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2018.08.034","article-title":"Hydrogen induced cracking susceptibility of API 5L X70 pipeline steel in relation to microstructure and crystallographic texture developed after different thermomechanical treatments","volume":"145","author":"Ohaeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60131a045","article-title":"Reaction kinetics in differential thermal analysis","volume":"29","author":"Kissinger","year":"1957","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.02.053","article-title":"Multi-scale and spatially resolved hydrogen mapping in a Ni\u2013Nb model alloy reveals the role of the \u03b4 phase in hydrogen embrittlement of alloy 718","volume":"109","author":"Tarzimoghadam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.05.286","article-title":"Mechanisms of hydrogen trapping in austenitic, duplex, and super martensitic stainless steels","volume":"720","author":"Silverstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-012-1265-7","article-title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of 430 and 445NF Ferritic Stainless Steels","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-010-0275-6","article-title":"Hydrogen Effect against Hydrogen Embrittlement","volume":"41","author":"Murakami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02812023","article-title":"A classification of hydrogen traps in steel","volume":"10","author":"Pressouyre","year":"1979","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.12.274","article-title":"An atomistic study on the HELP mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement in pure metal Fe","volume":"57","author":"Hasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Shewmon, P.G. (1963). Diffusion in Solids, McGraw-Hill Pub."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(00)00361-4","article-title":"Three-dimensional atomic-scale mapping of a cottrell atmosphere around a dislocation in iron","volume":"43","author":"Wilde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/7\/1546\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:20:08Z","timestamp":1760106008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/7\/1546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17071546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17071546","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]}}}