{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T20:15:51Z","timestamp":1788207351102,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Military University of Technology","award":["UGB 22-719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 22-719"]}]},{"name":"ANSYS National License","award":["UGB 22-719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 22-719"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive orthodontic force can induce inflammatory tooth root resorption due to sustained high stresses within the periodontal ligament (PDL). This study aimed to analyze the PDL pressures during upper incisor retraction using the en masse method with TISAD. The finite element method (FEM) ensured consistent conditions across cases. The models included bone geometry, adjacent teeth, PDL, and orthodontic hardware, analyzed with LS-Dyna. The pressure ranged from 0.37 to 2.5 kPa across the dental arch, with the central incisors bearing 55% of the load. The pressure distribution remained consistent regardless of the force or hook height. The critical pressure (4.7 kPa) was exceeded at 600\u2013650 g force, with notable pressure (3.88 kPa) on the palatal root wall of the right central incisor. Utilizing 0.017 \u00d7 0.025 SS archwires in MBT 0.018 brackets provided good torque control and reduced the root resorption risk when forces of 180\u2013200 g per side were applied, maintaining light to moderate stress. Triple forces may initiate resorption, highlighting the importance of nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) for accurate oral cavity simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17071661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T06:57:34Z","timestamp":1712213854000},"page":"1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution in the Periodontal Ligament and the Risk of Root Resorption\u2014A Finite Element Method (FEM) Study on the Nonlinear Innovative Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Ewa","family":"Kuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3362-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Sybilski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5781-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kotu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Pi\u0105tkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greg Dent Orthodontics Sp. Z O.O., 91-163 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3284-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Kowala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2021-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Saternus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Sarul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2319\/010709-16.1","article-title":"Soft tissue changes following the extraction of premolars in nongrowing patients with bimaxillary protrusion. A systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Leonardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuc, A.E., Kotu\u0142a, J., Nahajowski, M., Warnecki, M., Lis, J., Amm, E., Kawala, B., and Sarul, M. (2022). Methods of Anterior Torque Control during Retraction: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071611"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.06.031","article-title":"Analysis of stress in bone and microimplants during en-masse retraction of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth with different insertion angulations: A 3-dimensional finite element analysis study","volume":"141","author":"Jasmine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.05.014","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the effect of force directions on tooth movement in extraction space closure with miniscrew sliding mechanics","volume":"142","author":"Kojima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691013","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.691013","article-title":"Inflammasomes in Alveolar Bone Loss","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"161","article-title":"Hyalinization and root resorption during early orthodontic tooth movement in adolescents","volume":"68","author":"Kurol","year":"1998","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.12.018","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: Part 7. Extent of root resorption under areas of compression and tension","volume":"129","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.02.023","article-title":"Orthodontically induced root resorption: A critical analysis of finite element studies\u2019 input and output","volume":"159","author":"Roscoe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"125","article-title":"Factors related to root resorption in edgewise practice","volume":"61","author":"Kaley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70200-8","article-title":"Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor","volume":"114","author":"Parker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjl090","article-title":"A radiographic analysis of external apical root resorption of maxillary incisors during active orthodontic treatment","volume":"29","author":"Mohandesan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.113410","article-title":"Predicting preventing root resorption: Part II. Treatment factors","volume":"119","author":"Sameshima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"180","article-title":"Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part II: The clinical aspects","volume":"72","author":"Brezniak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"95","article-title":"The anterior alveolus: Its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae","volume":"66","author":"Handelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70214-8","article-title":"Correlation between cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption","volume":"114","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuc, A.E., Kotu\u0142a, J., Nawrocki, J., Babczy\u0144ska, A., Lis, J., Kawala, B., and Sarul, M. (2023). The Assessment of the Rank of Torque Control during Incisor Retraction and Its Impact on the Resorption of Maxillary Central Incisor Roots According to Incisive Canal Anatomy\u2014Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082774"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.4.1.23","article-title":"Centre of rotation of a maxillary central incisor under orthodontic loading","volume":"4","author":"Yettram","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_296_18","article-title":"Application of Finite Element Model in Implant Dentistry: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Reddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietron, K., Mazurkiewicz, \u0141., Sybilski, K., and Ma\u0142achowski, J. (2022). Correlation of bone material model using voxel mesh and parametric optimization. Material, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155163"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Martinez, S. (October, January 30). A variable finite element model of the human masticatory system for different loading conditions, AIF\u2014Zebris cooperation project. Proceedings of the 5th GACM Colloquium on Computational Mechanics, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2321\/1\/012001","article-title":"A visco-hyperelastic constitutive model of human periodontal ligament and the verification with finite element method","volume":"2321","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Choy, M., and Ernesto, S. (2018). A Comprehensive Finite Element Model of the Human Masticatory System. [Ph.D. Thesis, Karlsruher Institut f\u00fcr Technologie (KIT)]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Simon, M., Lenz, J., Karl, S., and Hans, S. (2015, January 15\u201317). A Variable Finite Element Model of the Overall Human Masti-catory System for Evaluation of Stress Distributions during Biting and Bruxism, Conference. Proceedings of the 10th European LS-DYNA Conference 2015, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/26.2.163","article-title":"Dynamic frictional behaviour of orthodontic archwires and brackets","volume":"26","author":"Clocheret","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(70)90219-8","article-title":"Pulp and dentine reactions to experimental tooth intrusion. A histologic study of the initial changes","volume":"57","author":"Stenvik","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.12.030","article-title":"Apical root resorption 6 months after ini-tiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy","volume":"128","author":"Smale","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/20.1.57","article-title":"Early radiographic diagnosis of apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment: A study of maxillary incisors","volume":"20","author":"Levander","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.12.026","article-title":"Association of orthodontic force system and root resorption: A systematic review","volume":"147","author":"Roscoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01340644","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of apical root resorption with 2 different types of edgewise appliances. Results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"59","author":"Reukers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/110432","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of piezocision-assisted flapless corticotomy in the retraction of four upper incisors: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Ajaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"127","article-title":"A finite element model of apical force distribution from orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"71","author":"Rudolph","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2004.00285.x","article-title":"Mechanical stress generated by orthodontic forces on apical root cementum: A finite element model","volume":"7","author":"Shaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2009.01445.x","article-title":"Strains in periodontal ligament and alveolar bone associated with orthodontic tooth movement analyzed by finite element","volume":"12","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjl043","article-title":"Effects of root morphology on stress distribution at the root apex","volume":"29","author":"Oyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"314","article-title":"Evaluating Stress Distribution Pattern in Periodontal Ligament of Maxillary Incisors during Intrusion Assessed by the Finite Element Method","volume":"16","author":"Salehi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2319\/060806-234","article-title":"Periodontal ligament hydrostatic pressure with areas of root resorption after application of a continuous torque moment","volume":"77","author":"Hohmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2008.09.004","article-title":"Correspondences of hydrostatic pressure in periodontal ligament with regions of root resorption: A clinical and a finite element study of the same human teeth","volume":"93","author":"Hohmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.11.023","article-title":"Three-dimensional mechanical environment of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption","volume":"133","author":"Viecilli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.2319\/100611-627.1","article-title":"Effect of the inclination of a maxillary central incisor on periodontal stress: Finite element analysis","volume":"82","author":"Kanjanaouthai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2016.46.3.155","article-title":"Effect of labiolingual inclination of a maxillary central incisor and surrounding alveolar bone loss on periodontal stress: A finite element analysis","volume":"46","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.05.016","article-title":"Optimum conditions for parallel translation of maxillary anterior teeth under retraction force determined with the finite element method","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/18.1.69","article-title":"The effects of a four-fold increased orthodontic force magnitude on tooth movement and root resorptions. An intra-individual study in adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Kurol","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2004.00283.x","article-title":"Incidence and severity of root resorption in orthodon-tically moved premolars in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Maltha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00001936","article-title":"Root resorptions in upper first premolars after application of continuous torque moment. Intra-individual study","volume":"62","author":"Casa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.11.026","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces","volume":"127","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benaissa, A., Merdji, A., Bendjaballah, M.Z., Ngan, P., and Mukdadi, O.M. (2020). Stress influence on orthodontic system components under simulated treatment loadings. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 195.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105569"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"739","article-title":"Displacement Pattern, Stress Distribution, and Archwire Play Dimensions during En-masse Retraction of Anterior Teeth using Sliding Mechanics: A FEM Study","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2019.01.016","article-title":"Force direction using miniscrews in sliding mechanics differentially affected maxillary central incisor retraction: Finite element simulation and typodont model","volume":"14","author":"Ruenpol","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2319\/111608-587R.1","article-title":"Optimal loading conditions for controlled movement of anterior teeth in sliding mechanics","volume":"79","author":"Tominaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tominaga, J.Y., Chiang, P.C., Ozaki, H., Tanaka, M., Koga, Y., Bourauel, C., and Yoshida, N. (2012). Effect of play between bracket and archwire on anterior tooth movement in sliding mechanics: A three-dimensional finite element study. J. Dent. Biomech., 3.","DOI":"10.1177\/1758736012461269"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjy038","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of 0.018-inch and 0.022-inch slot orthodontic bracket systems: Part 2-quality of treatment","volume":"41","author":"Yassir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"253","article-title":"Comparison of elastic properties of nickel-titanium orthodontic archwires","volume":"22","author":"Sarul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/7\/1661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:23:20Z","timestamp":1760106200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/7\/1661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17071661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17071661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}}}