{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:05Z","timestamp":1787028845000,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense","award":["JSZL2021201A001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSZL2021201A001"]}]},{"name":"China National Nuclear Corporation","award":["JSZL2021201A001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSZL2021201A001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing advanced underwater welding technology for titanium, which is the key structural material for underwater applications, is of great significance for the design, fabrication, and maintenance of submarine equipment. In this study, in order to investigate the underwater welding microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-4Al-2V alloy, underwater wet laser welding was conducted on Ti-4Al-2V alloy using varying laser power. The microstructure and properties of the welding joints were characterized and analyzed. The microstructure of the heat-affected zone and fusion zone in the welding joints are not significantly different from those of welding in air, but a mixed oxide layer composed of Al2O3 and TiO2 is formed on the surface of the fusion zone. Due to internal stress, a large number of cracks initiate on the oxide layer and propagate to the joints. In the 4 kW and 5 kW joints, a penetrating crack formed due to the excessive accumulation of internal stress breaking up the \u03b1 phase. The mechanical properties of the joints are significantly affected by the laser power. The tensile strength of the 3 kW and 4 kW joints is comparable to that of the base metal, which is about 600 MPa, while the 5 kW joint shows brittle fracture with no plastic deformation and 228 MPa strength. This research lays a solid foundation for understanding the underwater wet laser welding behavior of titanium alloys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17081778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1712914086000},"page":"1778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of Microstructure, Oxides, Cracks, and Mechanical Properties of Ti-4Al-2V Joints Prepared Using Underwater Wet Laser Welding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Joining Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2012.10.043","article-title":"Perspectives on titanium science and technology","volume":"61","author":"Banerjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-2030-x","article-title":"A review on laser beam welding of titanium alloys","volume":"97","author":"Auwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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