{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:47:10Z","timestamp":1783133230796,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 111-2221-E-011-096-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2221-E-011-096-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new Mg-4Zn X Ti-6Al-4V (TC4, of 0, 1, and 3 wt.%) alloy was successfully fabricated by a simple and low-cost gravity casting method and heat treatment at 150 \u00b0C for 24 h. The composite was examined by XRD, uniaxial tests, FESEM\/EDS, potentiostat\/EIS, and immersion tests for the material\u2019s microstructures, mechanical properties, electrochemical characteristics, and corrosion resistance. Experimental results indicate that heat treatment enables the precipitation of Zn along the Mg grain boundaries and drives the co-precipitation of Al around the TC4 particles and nearby grain boundaries. Uniaxial tensile tests reveal that TC4 reinforces the Mg-Zn matrix material with higher elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and toughness. The heat treatment further enhanced these mechanical properties. Electrochemical tests show that 1 wt.% TC4 composite exhibits the highest open circuit potential among all tested samples, which implies the 1 wt.% TC4-added Mg-Zn is better resistant to the oxidation of the essential metals Mg, Zn, and Al. The immersion tests in the HBSS solution further show that the 1 wt.% TC4 composite has the lowest rise of pH values after 14 days, and EDS for the corroded surface signifies that Mg is the main element vulnerable to oxidation by corrosion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17081836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T07:54:36Z","timestamp":1713340476000},"page":"1836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mechanical and Corrosion Tests for Magnesium\u2013Zinc\/Ti-6Al-4V Composites by Gravity Casting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6582-0339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song-Jeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106336, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2985-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Hang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106336, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivakumar","family":"Selvaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106336, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8240-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murugan","family":"Subramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106336, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2021.117105","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the cooling and heating performance of a gravity die casting mold with conformal cooling channels","volume":"194","author":"Kurtulus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.111404","article-title":"Comparison of the semisolid squeeze casting and gravity casting process on the precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of the Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy","volume":"180","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2009.01.020","article-title":"Fluidity of Al-Si semisolid slurries during rheocasting by a novel process","volume":"209","author":"Mirzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marodkar, A.S., Patil, H., Chavhan, J., and Borkar, H. (2023). Effect of gravity die casting, squeeze casting and extrusion on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Mater. Today Proc., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.03.053"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2023.07.020","article-title":"Rational design, synthesis and prospect of biodegradable magnesium alloy vascular stents","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.07.019","article-title":"A combination strategy of functionalized polymer coating with Ta ion implantation for multifunctional and biodegradable vascular stents","volume":"9","author":"Cheon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.05.008","article-title":"Degradation and biocompatibility of one-step electrodeposited magnesium thioctic acid\/magnesium hydroxide hybrid coatings on ZE21B alloys for cardiovascular stents","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2020.09.014","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium implants and scaffolds: A review of the recent advances and research trends","volume":"9","author":"Sezer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.01.001","article-title":"Biodegradable metals","volume":"77","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2020.11.001","article-title":"Recent progress in vivo studies and clinical applications of magnesium based biodegradable implants\u2014A review","volume":"9","author":"Sekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0043","article-title":"A review of the design, processes, and properties of mg-based composites","volume":"11","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.144518","article-title":"Optimizing the microstructures and enhancing the mechanical properties of AZ81 alloy by adding TC4 particles","volume":"863","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.02.142","article-title":"Growth characteristics and properties of micro-arc oxidation coating on SLM-produced TC4 alloy for biomedical applications","volume":"479","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(22)66016-3","article-title":"Effect of Ti-6Al-4V particle reinforcements on mechanical properties of Mg-9Al-1Zn alloy","volume":"32","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2021.110835","article-title":"In situ preparation of MAO\/TiO2 composite coating on WE43 alloy for anti-corrosion protection","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.12.028","article-title":"Effect of Ti particles on microstructure and mechanical properties of TiP\/AZ91 composites","volume":"22","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"50","article-title":"Studies on the constitution of the ternary Mg-Al-Zn alloys","volume":"4","author":"Eger","year":"1913","journal-title":"Int. Z. Metallogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(97)00458-9","article-title":"Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Calculation of the Al\u2013Mg\u2013Zn System","volume":"314","author":"Liang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(00)00209-3","article-title":"Predicting the Size- and Temperature-Dependent Shapes of Precipitates in Al\u2013Zn Alloys","volume":"48","author":"Wolverton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Davis, J.R. (1993). ASM Speciality Handbook: Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Davis, J.R. (1990). ASM Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2003.08.023","article-title":"Progress in Structural Materials for Aerospace systems11The Golden Jubilee Issue\u2014Selected Topics in Materials Science and Engineering: Past, Present and Future, Edited by S. Suresh","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(97)00324-9","article-title":"Anomalous Strain Hardening Behaviour of a Supersaturated Al-Zn-Mg Alloy","volume":"234\u2013236","author":"Deschamps","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.04.185","article-title":"A High-Strength AlZnMg Alloy Hardened by the T-Phase Precipitates","volume":"610","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.08.099","article-title":"Mechanical Properties, Intergranular Corrosion Behavior and Microstructure of Zn Modified Al\u2013Mg Alloys","volume":"617","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02662363","article-title":"Microstructures of the Commercial 7075 Al Alloy in the T651 and T7 Tempers","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"1983","journal-title":"Metall. Trans."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-4328(00)00081-0","article-title":"The Effects of a Trace Addition of Silver upon Elevated Temperature Ageing of an Al\u2013Zn\u2013Mg Alloy","volume":"32","author":"Maloney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2010.05.044","article-title":"Chemistry of Corrosion Products on Zn\u2013Al\u2013Mg Alloy Coated Steel","volume":"52","author":"Luckeneder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2022.09.013","article-title":"Interfacial Reaction Mechanism during Laser Brazing of Zn\u2013Mg\u2013Al-Coated Steel to AA 6061 Aluminum Alloy","volume":"83","author":"Javadinejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.10.017","article-title":"Effects of Zn concentration and heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of as-extruded Mg-Zn alloys produced by powder metallurgy","volume":"693","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beraldo, C.H.M., Versteg, A., Spinelli, A., Scharnagl, N., and da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, T.F. (2024). Anticorrosive properties of chitosan-derivatives coatings on Mg AZ31 alloy in Hank\u2019s balanced salt solution. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 260.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129390"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02652880","article-title":"An improved equation relating hardness to ultimate strength","volume":"3","author":"Cahoon","year":"1972","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1000547","article-title":"Empirical relationship between hardness and tensile strength for medium carbon steel quenched in different media","volume":"8","author":"Njoku","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02913433","article-title":"The determination of yield strength from hardness measurements","volume":"2","author":"Cahoon","year":"1971","journal-title":"Metall. Trans."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.09.069","article-title":"Effect of Ti6Al4V Reinforcement Particles on the Mechanical, Wear, and Corrosion Properties of AZ91D Magnesium Matrix Composites","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2013.06.027","article-title":"Limitations in the use of the potentiodynamic polarisation curves to investigate the effect of Zn on the corrosion behaviour of as-extruded Mg-Zn binary alloy","volume":"75","author":"Ha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2024.143839","article-title":"Influence of AgCl film resistance on stability and potential response of Ag\/AgCl chloride-sense electrode in simulated concrete pore solution","volume":"478","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M. (2012). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [93rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Lide, D.R. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [87th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [92nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.11.146","article-title":"Degradation mechanism of micro-arc oxidation coatings on biodegradable Mg-Ca alloys: The influence of porosity","volume":"695","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.138890","article-title":"Effect of multiaxial forging followed by hot rolling on non-basal planes and its influence on tensile and fracture toughness behaviour of Mg\u20134Zn\u20134Gd alloy","volume":"774","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2020.11.013","article-title":"Microstructure refinement, mechanical and biocorrosion properties of Mg\u2013Zn\u2013Ca\u2013Mn alloy improved by a new severe plastic deformation process","volume":"10","author":"Kavyani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2023.144756","article-title":"The effect of Gd on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg-4Zn-0.6Ca alloy","volume":"868","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.06.028","article-title":"Research on an Mg\u2013Zn Alloy as a Degradable Biomaterial","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.11.011","article-title":"Influence of second phase precipitates on mechanical and in-vitro corrosion behaviour of Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca-0.8Mn alloy in optimum homogenized conditions","volume":"2","author":"Bairagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.170224","article-title":"Grain refinement and improved mechanical properties of Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca-0.5RE magnesium alloy by thermomechanical processing","volume":"954","author":"Maleki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.06.002","article-title":"Stress corrosion cracking of biodegradable Mg-4Zn alloy in simulated body fluid at different strain rates\u2014A fractographic investigation","volume":"730","author":"Prabhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2013.08.008","article-title":"Structural and mechanical characteristics of Mg\u20134Zn and Mg\u20134Zn\u20130.4Ca Alloys after Different Thermal and Mechanical Processing Routes","volume":"586","author":"Vlach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2020.139828","article-title":"Microstructure, texture, mechanical properties and biodegradability of extruded Mg\u20134Zn\u2013xMn Alloys","volume":"792","author":"Sabbaghian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2013.06.054","article-title":"The effect of double extrusion on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg\u2013Zn\u2013Ca alloy","volume":"583","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/8\/1836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:28:59Z","timestamp":1760106539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/8\/1836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17081836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17081836","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}}}