{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T08:47:15Z","timestamp":1775638035929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11375252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11375252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1632135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1632135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1603600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1603600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11375252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11375252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1632135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1632135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1603600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1603600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, molecules of propyl gallate (PG) and polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA) were covalently bonded via a transesterification reaction and subsequently grafted onto polyvinylidene fluoride substrates using a homogeneous radiation grafting technique. The enhancement of the membranes\u2019 hydrophilicity with the increment of the grafting rate was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy imaging and measurements of the water contact angle. At a grafting degree of 10.1% and after a duration of 4 min, the water contact angle could decrease to as low as 40.1\u00b0. Cyclic flux testing demonstrated that the membranes modified in this manner consistently achieved a flux recovery rate exceeding 90% across varying degrees of grafting, indicating robust anti-fouling capabilities. Furthermore, these modified membranes exhibited significant antioxidant ability while maintaining antifouling performance over 30 days. The ability of the modified membranes to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2\u2032-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+) free radicals remained nearly unchanged after being stored in pure water for 30 days, and the flux recovery rate remained above 95% after immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution for 30 days. Among the tested membranes, the PVDF-g-PEGMAG modified membrane with a grafting degree of 7.2% showed the best antioxidant effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17081867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1713436252000},"page":"1867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antifouling and Antioxidant Properties of PVDF Membrane Modified with Polyethylene Glycol Methacrylate and Propyl Gallate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengchi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.09.010","article-title":"A Novel Ultrafiltration (UF) Membrane with Controllable Selectivity for Protein Separation","volume":"427","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2020.07.034","article-title":"Simple Fabrication of Cu2+ Doped Calcium Alginate Hydrogel Filtration Membrane with Excellent Anti-Fouling and Antibacterial Properties","volume":"32","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P10","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11697","article-title":"Examination of Blood Filtration Membrane Removal Ability of HMGB1","volume":"16","author":"Imahase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, H.N., and Mathew, A.P. (2022). Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials Advance Biomedicine: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105405"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1385\/ABAB:125:3:147","article-title":"Applications of Polymer Nanofibers in Biomedicine and Biotechnology","volume":"125","author":"Venugopal","year":"2005","journal-title":"ABAB"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, H., and Shen, Z. (2021). Nanocellulose Based Filtration Membrane in Industrial Waste Water Treatment: A Review. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185398"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.11.062","article-title":"Gravity-Driven Membrane Filtration for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review","volume":"149","author":"Pronk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Madsen, H.T. (2014). Chemistry of Advanced Environmental Purification Processes of Water, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-2118(17)30191-X","article-title":"Recent Advances in Hydrophilic Modification of PVDF Ultrafiltration Membranes\u2014A Review: Part I","volume":"2017","author":"Subasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Membr. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101241","article-title":"Ultrafiltration Membranes for Wastewater and Water Process Engineering: A Comprehensive Statistical Review over the Past Decade","volume":"35","author":"Mustafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101289","article-title":"A Review of Oily Wastewater Treatment Using Ultrafiltration Membrane: A Parametric Study to Enhance the Membrane Performance","volume":"36","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2014.04.003","article-title":"Fouling and Cleaning of Ultrafiltration Membranes: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.08.007","article-title":"Impact of Chemical Cleaning on Properties and Functioning of Polyethersulfone Membranes","volume":"305","author":"Arkhangelsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.02.050","article-title":"Chemical Cleaning\/Disinfection and Ageing of Organic UF Membranes: A Review","volume":"56","author":"Regula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.07.061","article-title":"Immobilization of Alpha Lipoic Acid onto Polysulfone Membranes to Suppress Hemodialysis Induced Oxidative Stress","volume":"449","author":"Mahlicli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119174","article-title":"Intervening Oxidative Stress Integrated with an Excellent Biocompatibility of Hemodialysis Membrane Fabricated by Nucleobase-Recognized Co-Immobilization Strategy of Tannic Acid, Looped PEtOx Brush and Heparin","volume":"625","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00180-0","article-title":"Preparation and Performance of Protein-Adsorption-Resistant Asymmetric Porous Membrane Composed of Polysulfone\/Phospholipid Polymer Blend","volume":"22","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.111953","article-title":"Resveratrol as a Plant Type Antioxidant Modifier for Polysulfone Membranes to Improve Hemodialysis-Induced Oxidative Stress","volume":"123","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2298\/APT1647153M","article-title":"Organic-Inorganic Membranes for Filtration of Corn Distillery","volume":"47","author":"Myronchuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Period. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58472-y","article-title":"Effect of Graphene Oxide on Modifying Polyethersulfone Membrane Performance and Its Application in Wastewater Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Marjani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaber, L., Almanassra, I.W., Backer, S.N., Kochkodan, V., Shanableh, A., and Atieh, M.A. (2022). A Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Carbonaceous Nanoparticles on the Physicochemical Properties of Hybrid Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12111143"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137425","article-title":"Oxidized Carbide-Derived Carbon as a Novel Filler for Improved Antifouling Characteristics and Permeate Flux of Hybrid Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes","volume":"313","author":"Almanassra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144616","article-title":"Unveiling the Relationship between MOF Porosity, Particle Size, and Polyethersulfone Membranes Properties for Efficient Decontamination of Dye and Organic Matter","volume":"471","author":"Almanassra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.122259","article-title":"Pioneering Biofouling Resistant PES UF Membrane with MnFe2O4\/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite: Insight into Mechanisms and Fouling Dynamics","volume":"691","author":"Jaber","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1039\/b007310p","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Fouling Properties of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Grafted Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Copolymer Membranes","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7652","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0122270","article-title":"ATRP of Amphiphilic Graft Copolymers Based on PVDF and Their Use as Membrane Additives","volume":"35","author":"Hester","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.05.043","article-title":"High Performance Ultrafiltration Membrane Composed of PVDF Blended with Its Derivative Copolymer PVDF-g-PEGMA","volume":"445","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Hou, Z., Yang, H., and Hu, J. (2024). A PEGylated PVDF Antifouling Membrane Prepared by Grafting of Methoxypolyethylene Glycol Acrylate in Gama-Irradiated Homogeneous Solution. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040873"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.10.024","article-title":"Preparation of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Microfiltration Membrane with Uniform Surface-Copolymerized Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylate and Improvement of Blood Compatibility","volume":"309","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.08.039","article-title":"Surface Grafting Control of PEGylated Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Antifouling Membrane via Surface-Initiated Radical Graft Copolymerization","volume":"345","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(01)00548-8","article-title":"Plasma-Induced Immobilization of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) onto Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Microporous Membrane","volume":"195","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.03.033","article-title":"Surface Immobilization of Polymer Brushes onto Porous Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Membrane by Electron Beam to Improve the Hydrophilicity and Fouling Resistance","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014002","DOI":"10.1088\/2051-672X\/ab0629","article-title":"Preparation of PEGylated Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Porous Membranes with Improved Antifouling Property","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Topogr. Metrol. Prop."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.11.020","article-title":"Hydrophilic Modification of Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride) Microporous Membrane","volume":"327","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.08.020","article-title":"Interaction Energy and Competitive Adsorption Evaluation of Different NOM Fractions on Aged Membrane Surfaces","volume":"542","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116597","article-title":"Impact Factors for Flux Decline in Ultrafiltration of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysis Liquor","volume":"240","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.12.033","article-title":"Ageing of Membranes for Water Treatment: Linking Changes to Performance","volume":"503","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2014.09.053","article-title":"Impact of in Situ Physical and Chemical Cleaning on PVDF Membrane Properties and Performances","volume":"122","author":"Rabuni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2009.01.002","article-title":"Nanoscale Particles for Polymer Degradation and Stabilization\u2014Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2013.08.028","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes: A Review on the Past and Recent Developments","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.068","article-title":"Effects of Chemical Cleaning on RO Membrane Inorganic, Organic and Microbial Foulant Removal in a Full-Scale Plant for Municipal Wastewater Reclamation","volume":"113","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2012.03.001","article-title":"Relative Impact of Fouling and Cleaning on PVDF Membrane Hydraulic Performances","volume":"90","author":"Hajibabania","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.07.024","article-title":"Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite on Structural\/Surface Characteristics, Filtration Performance and Fouling Behaviors of PVDF Membranes","volume":"519","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.06.018","article-title":"Assessing the Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite Exposure on the Characteristics of PVDF Based Membranes","volume":"47","author":"Abdullah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2010.12.019","article-title":"Stability of PVDF Hollow Fibre Membranes in Sodium Hydroxide Aqueous Solution","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.10.040","article-title":"Experimental Study of the Effects of Hypochlorite on Polysulfone Membrane Properties","volume":"277","author":"Rouaix","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2007.08.013","article-title":"Ageing of Polysulfone Membranes in Contact with Bleach Solution: Role of Radical Oxidation and of Some Dissolved Metal Ions","volume":"47","author":"Causserand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.06.004","article-title":"Hypochlorite Degradation of Crosslinked Polyamide membranesII. Changes in Hydrogen Bonding Behavior and Performance","volume":"282","author":"Kwon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.05.023","article-title":"Ageing of Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes in Contact with Bleach Solutions","volume":"282","author":"Gaudichetmaurin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2004.06.044","article-title":"Effect of Bleach on the Transport Characteristics of Polysulfone Hemodialyzers","volume":"243","author":"Wolff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(02)01118-9","article-title":"Investigation of Membrane Fouling","volume":"153","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-9164(89)85033-7","article-title":"Membrane Cleaning","volume":"71","year":"1989","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2022.2111560","article-title":"Antibacterial Potential of Ellagic Acid and Gallic Acid against IBD Bacterial Isolates and Cytotoxicity against Colorectal Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Cota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Tang, G., Zhang, C., Wang, N., and Feng, Y. (2021). Gallic Acid and Diabetes Mellitus: Its Association with Oxidative Stress. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237115"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, C., Hou, Y., Ai, X., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., and Meng, X. (2021). Gallic Acid: Pharmacological Activities and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Inflammation-Related Diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother., 133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110985"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030117h","article-title":"Major Flavonoids in Grape Seeds and Skins: Antioxidant Capacity of Catechin, Epicatechin, and Gallic Acid","volume":"52","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.03.032","article-title":"Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of an Aqueous Extract of Coleus Aromaticus","volume":"97","author":"Kumaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(03)00032-5","article-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology of Functional Foods and Prevention of Chronic Diseases of Aging","volume":"57","author":"Ferrari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2008.01.049","article-title":"Ester Derivatives of Gallic Acid with Potential Toxicity toward L1210 Leukemia Cells","volume":"16","author":"Locatelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29982","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b09218","article-title":"Biomimetic Silicification on Membrane Surface for Highly Efficient Treatments of Both Oil-in-Water Emulsion and Protein Wastewater","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.03.005","article-title":"Bio-Inspired Loose Nanofiltration Membranes with Optimized Separation Performance for Antibiotics Removals","volume":"554","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.11.035","article-title":"A Loose Nano-Filtration Membrane Prepared by Coating HPAN UF Membrane with Modified PEI for Dye Reuse and Desalination","volume":"524","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2018.1427111","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Antioxidants Nanoparticles Incorporated Polymeric Membranes","volume":"54","author":"Rajesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1351-8","article-title":"Porosity and Compatibility of Novel Polysulfone-\/Vitamin E-TPGS-Grafted Composite Membrane","volume":"52","author":"Teotia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5870","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA15321E","article-title":"Polymer-Bound Antioxidants in Grafted Membranes for Fuel Cells","volume":"2","author":"Wokaun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(09)63008-1","article-title":"Chapter 8 Quantitation of Protein","volume":"Volume 463","author":"Noble","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.05.145","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Polyethyleneglycolmethacrylate (PEGMA)-Co-Vinylimidazole (VI) Microspheres to Use in Heavy Metal Removal","volume":"162","author":"Tuncel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.02.129","article-title":"Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies of the Antioxidant Food Additive Propyl Gallate","volume":"182","author":"Nova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(92)80134-6","article-title":"Microstructures in Phase-Inversion Membranes. Part 1. Formation of Macrovoids","volume":"73","author":"Smolders","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-015-3037-x","article-title":"Effect of PVP, Lithium Chloride, and Glycerol Additives on PVDF Dual-Layer Hollow Fiber Membranes Fabricated Using Simultaneous Spinning of TIPS and NIPS","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.04.069","article-title":"Understanding the Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) Effect during the Fabrication of Microporous PVDF Membranes via Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS)","volume":"514","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42391","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA06088A","article-title":"Phase Separation in a PSf\/DMF\/Water System: A Proposed Mechanism for Macrovoid Formation","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(02)00325-3","article-title":"Covalent Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Microporous Membranes Prepared from Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) with Grafted Poly(Acrylic Acid) Side Chains","volume":"208","author":"Ying","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/8\/1867\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:07Z","timestamp":1760106607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/8\/1867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17081867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17081867","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]}}}