{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:00:13Z","timestamp":1760144413376,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This pilot investigation identifies the influence that changing the process variables of curing pressure, curing temperature, and mix ratio of a polyurethane\/agglomerated cork matrix has on the mechanical properties of energy absorption, Young\u2019s modulus of elasticity, and spring stiffness in safety helmets intended for micro-transport riders. The results are compared to expanded polystyrene, a material commonly used in micro-transport helmets. Mechanical testing of the various samples found that, over the range tested, curing pressure had no effect on any of the mechanical properties, while increasing amounts of resin caused a stiffer structure, and increasing curing temperature led to increased energy absorption. Consistent with the elastic modulus findings, all polyurethane\/agglomerated cork test samples demonstrated higher median levels of spring stiffness, ranging from 7.1% to 61.9% greater than those found for expanded polystyrene. The sample mixed at a 1.5:1 binder\/cork ratio and cured at 40 \u00b0C displayed the closest spring stiffness to EPS. While the mechanical properties of the eco-friendly polyurethane\/agglomerated cork matrix did not match those of expanded polystyrene, the difference in performance found in this study is promising. Further investigation into process variables could characterise this more ecologically based matrix with equivalent energy-absorbing and structural characteristics, making it equivalent to currently used expanded polystyrene and suitable for use in micro-transport helmets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17081925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1713766218000},"page":"1925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pilot Study Investigating Effects of Changing Process Variables on Elastic and Energy-Absorbing Characteristics in Polyurethane\/Agglomerated Cork Mix for Use in Micro-Transport Helmet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-0480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Engineering and Industrial Design, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al-Rawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Engineering and Industrial Design, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Fibres Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Sojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Electric scooter injuries at Auckland City Hospital","volume":"132","author":"Brownson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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