{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:58:09Z","timestamp":1786737489238,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation grant funded by the Korean government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1C1C1012700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C1012700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation grant funded by the Korean government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022QE206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QE206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1C1C1012700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C1012700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022QE206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QE206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated the micromechanical deformation and damage behavior of commercially extruded and additively manufactured 316L stainless steels (AMed SS316L) by combining experimental examinations and crystal plasticity modeling. The AMed alloy was fabricated using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique with an orthogonal scanning strategy to control the directionality of the as-fabricated material. Optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction measurements revealed distinct grain morphologies and crystallographic textures in the two alloys. Uniaxial tensile test results suggested that the LPBFed alloy exhibited an increased yield strength, reduced elongation, and comparable ultimate tensile strength in comparison to those of the extruded alloy. A microstructure-based crystal plasticity model was developed to simulate the micromechanical deformation behavior of the alloys using representative volume elements based on realistic microstructures. A ductile fracture criterion based on the microscopically dissipated plastic energy on a slip system was adopted to predict the microscopic damage accumulation of the alloys during plastic deformation. The developed model could accurately predict the stress\u2013strain behavior and evolution of the crystallographic textures in both the alloys. We reveal that the increased yield strength in the LPBFed alloy, compared to that in the extruded alloy, is attributed to the higher as-manufactured dislocation density and the cellular subgrain structure, resulting in a reduced elongation. The presence of annealing twins and favorable texture in the extruded alloy contributed to its excellent elongation, along with a higher hardening rate owing to twin\u2013dislocation interactions during plastic deformation. Moreover, the grain morphology and defect state (e.g., dislocations and twins) in the initial state can significantly affect strain localization and damage accumulation in alloys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17102360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T11:31:52Z","timestamp":1715772712000},"page":"2360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Microstructure-Based Modeling of Deformation and Damage Behavior of Extruded and Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0616-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3739-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials AI & Big Data, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh Tien","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials AI & Big Data, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.07.019","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Metals","volume":"117","author":"Herzog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components\u2013Process, Structure and Properties","volume":"92","author":"DebRoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. 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