{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:07:39Z","timestamp":1760144859003,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51801158","ZR2011EL003","2019KJHM19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51801158","ZR2011EL003","2019KJHM19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nature Fund Project of Shandong Province","award":["51801158","ZR2011EL003","2019KJHM19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51801158","ZR2011EL003","2019KJHM19"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology benefiting the People Program of Weifang Hi-Tech Zone","award":["51801158","ZR2011EL003","2019KJHM19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51801158","ZR2011EL003","2019KJHM19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium (Ti), as a hard tissue implant, is facing a big challenge for rapid and stable osseointegration owing to its intrinsic bio-inertness. Meanwile, surface-related infection is also a serious threat. In this study, large-scale quasi-vertically aligned sodium titanate nanowire (SNW) arrayed coatings incorporated with bioactive Cu2+ ions were fabricated through a compound process involving acid etching, hydrothermal treatment (HT), and ion exchange (IE). A novel coating based on sustained ion release and a shape-preserving design is successfully obtained. Cu2+ substituted Na+ in sodium titanate lattice to generate Cu-doped SNW (CNW), which maintains the micro-structure and phase components of the original SNW, and can be efficiently released from the structure by immersing them in physiological saline (PS) solutions, ensuring superior long-term structural stability. The synergistic effects of the acid etching, bidirectional cogrowth, and solution-strengthening mechanisms endow the coating with higher bonding strengths. In vitro antibacterial tests demonstrated that the CNW coatings exhibited effective good antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on the continuous slow release of copper ions. This is an exciting attempt to achieve topographic, hydrophilic, and antibacterial activation of metal implants, demonstrating a paradigm for the activation of coatings without dissolution and providing new insights into insoluble ceramic-coated implants with high bonding strengths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T03:48:49Z","timestamp":1716868129000},"page":"2584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preparation and Characterization of Nanofiber Coatings on Bone Implants for Localized Antimicrobial Activity Based on Sustained Ion Release and Shape-Preserving Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yubao","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Machinery and Automation, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Machinery and Automation, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Machinery and Automation, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaihao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2770-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanni","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.06.034","article-title":"Coating of titanium implants with collagen, RGD peptide and chondroitin sulfate","volume":"27","author":"Rammelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2008.10.014","article-title":"Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: Promises for improved tissue regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.01.021","article-title":"Osteointegration of titanium implant is sensitive to specific nanostructure morphology","volume":"8","author":"Rani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.06.016","article-title":"Influence of substratum surface chemistry\/energy and topography on the human fetal osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19: Phenotypic and genotypic responses observed in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.09.075","article-title":"The effect of enamel matrix proteins on the spreading, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts cultured on titanium surfaces","volume":"31","author":"Miron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.07.077","article-title":"Effects of pico-to-nanometer-thin TiO2 coating on the biological properties of microroughened titanium","volume":"32","author":"Sugita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.12.026","article-title":"Surface energy effects on osteoblast spatial growth and mineralization","volume":"29","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.10.054","article-title":"The gene-expression and phenotypic response of hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts to surface-modified titanium and zirconia","volume":"30","author":"Setzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1021\/nn9017872","article-title":"Fibronectin adsorption, cell adhesion, and proliferation on nanostructured tantalum surfaces","volume":"4","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.11.065","article-title":"The effect of vitronectin on the differentiation of embryonic stem cells in a 3D culture system","volume":"33","author":"Gluck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.03.080","article-title":"Regulation of the fate of human mesenchymal stem cells by mechanical and stereo-topographical cues provided by silicon nanowires","volume":"33","author":"Kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.03.050","article-title":"The stimulation of adipose-derived stem cell differentiation and mineralization by ordered rod-like fluorapatite coatings","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.07.037","article-title":"Adhesion of osteoblast-like cells on nanostructured hydroxyapatite","volume":"6","author":"Okada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.147135","article-title":"High-quality PMMA\/ZnO NWs piezoelectric coating on rigid and flexible metallic substrates","volume":"529","author":"Chelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.200801122","article-title":"Elongated Titanate Nanostructures and Their Applications","volume":"2009","author":"Bavykin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-009-0896-5","article-title":"Nanoscale engineering of biomimetic surfaces: Cues from the extracellular matrix","volume":"339","author":"Mark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201002255","article-title":"The topographic effect of zinc oxide nanoflowers on osteoblast growth and osseointegration","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.07.008","article-title":"Electrospun materials as potential platforms for bone tissue engineering","volume":"61","author":"Jang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5993","DOI":"10.1039\/b927224k","article-title":"One-dimensional single-crystalline Ti\u2013O based nanostructures: Properties, synthesis, modifications and applications","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10098","article-title":"Nano-fibrous scaffolding architecture selectively enhances protein adsorption contributing to cell attachment","volume":"67","author":"Woo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2004.11.001","article-title":"Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.05.152","article-title":"Corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of strontium and fluorine co-doped electrodeposited hydroxyapatite coatings","volume":"282","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.10.036","article-title":"Significance of calcium phosphate coatings for the enhancement of new bone osteogenesis\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Surmenev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.07.039","article-title":"Osteointegration of femoral stem prostheses with a bilayered calcium phosphate coating","volume":"27","author":"Goyenvalle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.09.005","article-title":"Hydrothermally grown TiO2-nanorods on surface mechanical attrition treated Ti: Improved corrosion fatigue and osteogenesis","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2016.06.007","article-title":"Formation and Bioactivity of SrTiO3 Nanotubes on Titanium by Modified Anodization and Hydrothermal Treatment","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.1021\/cm070845a","article-title":"Multifunctional Nanowire Bioscaffolds on Titanium","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.2000.011006530.x","article-title":"Red blood cell and platelet interactions with titanium implant surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.12.083","article-title":"Microstructure and antibacterial properties of Cu-doped TiO2 coating on titanium by micro-arc oxidation","volume":"292","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2008.04969.x","article-title":"Copper and Angiogenesis: Unravelling a Relationship Key to Cancer Progression","volume":"36","author":"Finney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6738","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB00923A","article-title":"Antibacterial property, angiogenic and osteogenic activity of Cu-incorporated TiO2 coating","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"883","article-title":"A novel antibacterial titania coating: Metal ion toxicity and in vitro surface colonization","volume":"16","author":"Heidenau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9658-z","article-title":"Zinc, copper, and selenium tissue levels and their relation to subcutaneous abscess, minor surgery, and wound healing in humans","volume":"153","author":"Mirastschijski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1821","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01015.2001","article-title":"Copper-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression and wound healing","volume":"282","author":"Sen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB00563B","article-title":"The dual function of Cu-doped TiO2 coatings on titanium for application in percutaneous implants","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8344","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812808106","article-title":"The iron-sulfur clusters of dehydratases are primary intracellular targets of copper toxicity","volume":"106","author":"Macomber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"20","article-title":"Formation Mechanism, Degradation Behavior, and Cytocompatibility of a Nanorod-Shaped HA and Pore-Sealed MgO Bilayer Coating on Magnesium","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"181","article-title":"Formation of a ZnO nanorods-patterned coating with strong bactericidal capability and quantitative evaluation of the contribution of nanorods-derived puncture and ROS-derived killing","volume":"11","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Building biointegration of Fe2O3\u2013FeOOH coated titanium implant by regulating NIR irradiation in an infected model","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.04.040","article-title":"Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2010). Food Microbiological Examination: Aerobic Plate Count. (Standard No. GB 4789.2\u20142010)."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115517","article-title":"Sulfonated chitosan and phosphorylated chitosan coated polylactide membrane by polydopamine-assisting for the growth and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1s","volume":"229","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.07.015","article-title":"Differential regulation of osteogenic differentiation of stem cells on surface roughness gradients","volume":"35","author":"Rottmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32366","article-title":"Surface modification of PCL-TCP scaffolds improve interfacial mechanical interlock and enhance early bone formation: An in vitro and in vivo characterization","volume":"92","author":"Yeo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2006.12.003","article-title":"Surface modifications and cell-materials interactions with anodized Ti","volume":"3","author":"Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2020.07.001","article-title":"Tailoring the degradation rate of magnesium through biomedical nano-porous titanate coatings","volume":"9","author":"Wadge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TB21102A","article-title":"Chemically regulated bioactive ion delivery platform on a titanium surface for sustained controlled release","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4549","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB00724D","article-title":"Influence of strontium ions incorporated into nanosheet-pore topographical titanium substrates on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and on osseointegration in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elspec.2006.02.004","article-title":"Ti 2p and O 1s Core Levels and Chemical Bonding in Titanium-Bearing Oxides","volume":"152","author":"Atuchin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2004.08.011","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of sodium titanate nanowires from brookite nanocrystallites","volume":"39","author":"Meng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104550","article-title":"Effect of copper salts on the characteristics and antibacterial activity of Cu-modified titanate nanotubes","volume":"8","author":"Jose","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1021\/j100222a036","article-title":"Ion exchange and dehydration of layered [sodium and potassium] titanates, Na2Ti3O7 and K2Ti4O9","volume":"86","author":"Izawa","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(89)90117-3","article-title":"Titanium gel made from metallic titanium and hydrogen peroxide","volume":"130","author":"Tengvall","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1515\/amm-2015-0133","article-title":"Large-Area Sodium Titanate Nanorods Formed On Titanium Surface Via NaOH Alkali Treatment","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"341","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on apatite-forming ability of Ti metal induced by alkali treatment","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1021\/la062654c","article-title":"Plate, Wire, Mesh, Microsphere, and Microtube Composed of Sodium Titanate Nanotubes on a Titanium Metal Template","volume":"23","author":"Yada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2007.147","article-title":"Synthesis of TiO2-Based Nanotube on Ti Substrate by Hydrothermal Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Chi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2007.838","article-title":"The influence of the reaction temperature on the morphology of sodium titanate 1D nanostructures and their thermal stability","volume":"7","author":"Umek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200701120","article-title":"Nanostructured Sheets of Ti-O Nanobelts for Gas Sensing and Antibacterial Applications","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2010.07.005","article-title":"Nanomechanical and nanotribological properties of bioactive titanium surfaces prepared by alkali treatment","volume":"4","author":"Lepienski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"524","article-title":"Nanomechanical Properties of Bioactive Ti Surfaces Obtained by NaOH-Based Anodic Oxidation and Alkali Treatment","volume":"493\u2013494","author":"Szesz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Surface modification of a Ti-7.5Mo alloy using NaOH treatment and Bioglass coating","volume":"21","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"72","article-title":"Cubic multi-ions-doped Na2TiO3 nanorod-like coatings: Structure-stable, highly efficient platform for ions-exchanged release to immunomodulatory promotion on vascularized bone apposition","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5b00258","article-title":"Concentration ranges of antibacterial cations for showing the highest antibacterial efficacy but the least cytotoxicity against mammalian cells: Implications for a new antibacterial mechanism","volume":"28","author":"Ning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.10.169","article-title":"Fibroblast responses and antibacterial activity of Cu and Zn co-doped TiO2 for percutaneous implants","volume":"434","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.04.081","article-title":"Preparation, antibacterial effects and corrosion resistant of porous Cu\u2013TiO2 coatings","volume":"308","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/11\/2584\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:49:16Z","timestamp":1760107756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/11\/2584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17112584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17112584","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]}}}