{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:54:59Z","timestamp":1790834099911,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52204349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52204349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1860204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1860204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51871159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51871159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210302124659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302124659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths","award":["52204349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52204349"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths","award":["U1860204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1860204"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths","award":["51871159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51871159"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths","award":["20210302124659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302124659"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grain boundary (GB) precipitation-induced cracking is a significant issue for S31254 super austenitic stainless steel during hot working. Investigating the deformation behavior based on precipitate morphology and distribution is essential. In this study, continuous smaller and intermittent larger precipitates were obtained through heat treatments at 950 \u00b0C and 1050 \u00b0C. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties influenced by precipitates were experimentally investigated using an in situ tensile stage inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results showed that continuous precipitates at 950 \u00b0C had a stronger pinning effect on the GB, making grain rotation difficult and promoting slip deformation in the plastic interval. Continuous precipitates caused severe stress concentration near GB and reduced coordinated deformation ability. Additionally, the crack propagation path changed from transcrystalline to intercrystalline. Furthermore, internal precipitates were a crucial factor affecting the initial crack nucleation position. Interconnected precipitates led to an intergranular fracture tendency and severe deterioration of the material\u2019s plasticity, as observed in fracture morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T05:58:00Z","timestamp":1717394280000},"page":"2676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Situ Study of Precipitates\u2019 Effect on Grain Deformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of S31254 Super Austenitic Stainless Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jinyao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanyu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7188-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiemin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Mechanics, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Material Strength and Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peide","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(00)00201-9","article-title":"Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Behaviour of 7Mo\u20130.5N Superaustenitic Stainless Steel\u2014Stress\u2013Strain Relations and Fatigue Life","volume":"49","author":"Heino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2018.01.040","article-title":"Precipitation Behavior and Phase Transformation Mechanism of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel S32654 during Isothermal Aging","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.11.342","article-title":"Detection of Susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion of Aged Super Austenitic Stainless Steel S32654 by a Modified Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation Method","volume":"695","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.131971","article-title":"Impact of Boron Addition on the Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of S31254","volume":"315","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2019.108295","article-title":"Chloride- and Sulphate-Induced Hot Corrosion Mechanism of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel S31254 under Dry Gas Environment","volume":"163","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2019.108405","article-title":"Characterization of the Passive Properties of 254SMO Stainless Steel in Simulated Desulfurized Flue Gas Condensates by Electrochemical Analysis, XPS and ToF-SIMS","volume":"165","author":"Dou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.10.011","article-title":"Influence of N on Precipitation Behavior, Associated Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel S32654","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.12.049","article-title":"Constitutive Equation and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of As-Cast 254SMO Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel","volume":"69","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.11.054","article-title":"Hot Deformation Characteristics and Processing Map of a Phosphorous Modified Super Austenitic Stainless Steel","volume":"115","author":"Babu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2019.04.010","article-title":"Effects of Cr and Mo on Precipitation Behavior and Associated Intergranular Corrosion Susceptibility of Superaustenitic Stainless Steel S32654","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2011.12.048","article-title":"Ageing of Forged Superaustenitic Stainless Steel: Precipitate Phases and Mechanical Properties","volume":"535","author":"Anburaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2011.05.081","article-title":"Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of a Superaustenitic Stainless Steel Containing 16%Cr and 25%Ni","volume":"528","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40195-014-0047-1","article-title":"Hot Working Characteristic of Superaustenitic Stainless Steel 254SMO","volume":"27","author":"Pu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.)"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.07.065","article-title":"Hot Deformation and Optimization of Process Parameters of an As-Cast 6Mo Superaustenitic Stainless Steel: A Study with Processing Map","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2021.11.005","article-title":"Influence Mechanism of Boron Segregation on the Microstructure Evolution and Hot Ductility of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel S32654","volume":"112","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1179\/026708309X12506933872748","article-title":"Precipitation Sequences in Cold Deformed Superaustenitic Stainless Steels","volume":"26","author":"Koutsoukis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2015.05.045","article-title":"Microstructure Evolution in the Segregation Area of S31254 Stainless Steel Plate","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2021.06.033","article-title":"Refinement Mechanism of Cerium Addition on Solidification Structure and Sigma Phase of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel S32654","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.05.028","article-title":"Influence Mechanism of Cerium Addition on Precipitation Behaviour of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel S32654","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2014.01.027","article-title":"Hot Deformation Characteristic and Processing Map of Superaustenitic Stainless Steel S32654","volume":"598","author":"Pu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-006-9020-0","article-title":"The Influence of Centerline Sigma (\u03c3) Phase on the Through-Thickness Toughness and Tensile Properties of Alloy AL-6XN","volume":"16","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-007-9261-z","article-title":"Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Analyses of Sigma Precipitates and Porosity in a Superaustenitic Stainless Steel","volume":"38","author":"Fonda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.09.006","article-title":"Microstructural Bandings Evolution Behavior and Their Effects on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel","volume":"736","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.03.135","article-title":"Grain Boundary Co-Segregation of B and Ce Hindering the Precipitates of S31254 Super Austenitic Stainless Steel","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.144361","article-title":"Effect of Grain Size on Deformation and Fracture of Inconel718: An in-Situ SEM-EBSD-DIC Investigation","volume":"861","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.142373","article-title":"Investigation of Deformation Mechanisms in an Advanced FeCrAl Alloy Using In-Situ SEM-EBSD Testing","volume":"832","author":"Bibhanshu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, W., Yongqing, Z., Qinyang, Z., Chao, L., Wei, Z., and Weidong, Z. (2022). In-Situ Study on Tensile Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms of Metastable \u03b2 Titanium Alloy with Equiaxed Microstructure. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041325"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heard, R., Siviour, C.R., and Dragnevski, K. (2022). Investigating Iron Alloy Phase Changes Using High Temperature In Situ SEM Techniques. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113921"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, J., Gao, B., Zhou, J., Chen, L., Tang, G., and Li, S. (2023). In-Situ Study on the Tensile Deformation and Fracture Mechanism of a Bimodal-Structured Mg-Gd-Y Alloy. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16175978"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043704","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5142807","article-title":"A Novel Instrument for Investigating the Dynamic Microstructure Evolution of High Temperature Service Materials up to 1150 \u00b0C in Scanning Electron Microscope","volume":"91","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.10.066","article-title":"Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties in Heat Treated Superaustenitic Stainless Steels","volume":"561","author":"Koutsoukis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(98)00269-3","article-title":"Phase Identification in an Isothermally Aged Austenitic 22Cr-21Ni-6Mo-N Stainless Steel","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.07.074","article-title":"Time Dependent Ductility Improvement of Stainless Steel SS 316 Using Stress Relaxation","volume":"673","author":"Hariharan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2019.01.034","article-title":"In Situ SEM-EBSD Analysis of Plastic Deformation Mechanisms in Neutron-Irradiated Austenitic Steel","volume":"517","author":"Gussev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2023.145097","article-title":"Effects of Temperatures on Microstructure Evolution and Deformation Behavior of Fe\u201332Ni by in-Situ EBSD","volume":"875","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2023.103554","article-title":"In-Situ Study of Adjacent Grains Slip Transfer of Inconel 718 during Tensile Process at High Temperature","volume":"163","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-716X(94)00019-E","article-title":"Geometrically Necessary Boundaries and Incidental Dislocation Boundaries Formed during Cold Deformation","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scr. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732471","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/732471","article-title":"Overview of Intermetallic Sigma (\u03c3) Phase Precipitation in Stainless Steels","volume":"2012","author":"Hsieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Metall."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/11\/2676\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:29Z","timestamp":1760107949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/11\/2676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17112676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17112676","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}}}