{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:27:48Z","timestamp":1790872068618,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["22B0737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22B0737"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["22B0732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22B0732"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["2023JJ40212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ40212"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["2023JJ30191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30191"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["22B0737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22B0737"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["22B0732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22B0732"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2023JJ40212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ40212"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2023JJ30191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30191"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the influence of water content on the rockburst phenomena in tunnels with horizontal joints, experiments were conducted on simulated rock specimens exhibiting five distinct levels of water absorption. Real-time monitoring of the entire blasting process was facilitated through a high-speed camera system, while the microscopic structure of the rockburst debris was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a particle size analyzer. The experimental findings revealed that under varying degrees of water absorption, the specimens experienced three stages: debris ejection; rockburst; and debris spalling. As water content increased gradually, the intensity of rockburst in the specimens was mitigated. This was substantiated by a decline in peak stress intensity, a decrease in elastic modulus, delayed manifestation of pre-peak stress drop, enhanced amplitude, diminished elastic potential energy, and augmented dissipation energy, resulting in an expanded angle of rockburst debris ejection. With increasing water content, the bond strength between micro-particles was attenuated, resulting in the disintegration of the bonding material. Deformation failure was defined by the expansion of minuscule pores, gradual propagation of micro-cracks, augmentation of fluffy fine particles, exacerbation of structural surface damage akin to a honeycomb structure, diminishment of particle diameter, and a notable increase in quantity. Furthermore, the augmentation of secondary cracks and shear cracks, coupled with the enlargement of spalling areas, signified the escalation of deformation failure. Simultaneously, the total mass of rockburst debris gradually diminished, accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the proportion of micro and fine particles within the debris.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17122818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T08:59:06Z","timestamp":1718009946000},"page":"2818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Water on Rockburst in Rock-like Material with Voids and Multiple Fractures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Guokun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Building Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Building Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhili","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Building Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"},{"name":"Innovation Institute of Advanced Functional Materials, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Zhou, Y.-J., Zhang, L.-M., and Xu, Y.-N. (2024). Study on Seepage Characteristics of Grouting Slurry for Water-Absorbing Mudstone with Rough Fissure. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040784"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Liu, Z., Liu, L., and Feng, X. (2023). Numerical Study on the Impact of Locked-In Stress on Rock Failure Processes and Energy Evolutions. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16247519"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xia, J., Li, P., Yu, L., Yang, H., and Chen, Y. (2023). Experimental Study and Analytical Modeling on Properties of Freeze\u2013Thaw Durability of Coal Gangue Pervious Concrete. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16227104"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-019-01799-4","article-title":"Deep mining: A rock engineering challenge","volume":"52","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-018-0624-4","article-title":"Long-term prediction of rockburst hazard in deep underground openings using three robust data mining techniques","volume":"35","author":"Taheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-023-03311-5","article-title":"True triaxial experimental study on the variation characteristics of rockburst with the number of fast unloading surfaces","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.undsp.2021.11.008","article-title":"Rockburst in underground excavations: A review of mechanism, classification, and prediction methods","volume":"7","author":"Askaripour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Undergr. Space"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.17159\/2411-9717\/2018\/v118n3a1","article-title":"Early assessment of dynamic rupture hazard for rockburst risk management in deep tunnel projects","volume":"118","author":"Diederichs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Zhao, J., Bu, W., Niu, W., Liu, P., and Sun, M. (2023). Optimization of Rockburst Risk Control Measures for Deeply Buried TBM Tunnels: A Case Study. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13061440"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.08.050","article-title":"Lateral deformation and acoustic emission characteristics of dam bedrock under various river flow scouring rates","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-022-02747-3","article-title":"Mechanical damage evolution and mechanism of sandstone with prefabricated parallel double fissures under high-humidity condition","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Batugin, A., Kolikov, K., Ivannikov, A., Ignatov, Y., and Krasnoshtanov, D. (July, January 30). Transformation of the geodynamic hazard manifestation forms in mining areas. Proceedings of the 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO, Albena, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2022.07.014","article-title":"A review of rockburst: Experiments, theories, and simulations","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2019.07.013","article-title":"Rockburst characteristics of several hard brittle rocks: A true triaxial experimental study","volume":"12","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64513-3","article-title":"Experimental investigation on rockburst behavior of the rock-coal-bolt specimen under different stress conditions","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109577","article-title":"Effect of bar diameter on bond performance of helically ribbed GFRP bar to UHPC","volume":"91","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-018-1660-5","article-title":"Experimental investigation of strain rockburst in circular caverns under deep three-dimensional high-stress conditions","volume":"52","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-022-03078-1","article-title":"Investigation of the influence of grain-scale heterogeneity on strainburst proneness using rock-like material","volume":"56","author":"Klammer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"169","article-title":"Model of rockburst caused by cracks growing near free surface","volume":"93","author":"Dyskin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rockbursts Seism. Mines"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4536-4","article-title":"Investigation of impact rock burst induced by energy released from hard rock fractures","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2018.06.015","article-title":"Numerical modeling of rockburst near fault zones in deep tunnels","volume":"80","author":"Manouchehrian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128770","article-title":"Aging deterioration of mechanical properties on coal-rock combinations considering hydro-chemical corrosion","volume":"282","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2023.107172","article-title":"Influence of water on rockburst proneness of sandstone: Insights from relative and absolute energy storage","volume":"323","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-018-1415-3","article-title":"Effects of thermal damage on strain burst mechanism for brittle rocks under true-triaxial loading conditions","volume":"51","author":"Akdag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-023-03710-8","article-title":"Temperature Field Distribution and Numerical Simulation of Improved Freezing Scheme for Shafts in Loose and Soft Stratum","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9168908","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9168908","article-title":"The meso-analysis of the rock-burst debris of rock similar material based on SEM","volume":"2020","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Engineering."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6590779","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6590779","article-title":"Optimal proportion of similar materials and rockburst tendency of white sandstone","volume":"2021","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016073","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000769","article-title":"Numerical simulation of failure process of rock-like materials subjected to impact loads","volume":"17","author":"Bi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2022.105112","article-title":"The propagation and interaction of cracks under freeze-thaw cycling in rock-like material","volume":"154","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.05.144","article-title":"Fabrication of graphene oxide\/fiber reinforced polymer cement mortar with remarkable repair and bonding properties","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.318","article-title":"Design and preparation of ultra-high performance concrete with low environmental impact","volume":"214","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2020.104344","article-title":"Infrared radiation characteristics and fracture precursor information extraction of loaded sandstone samples with varying moisture contents","volume":"130","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487156","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1487156","article-title":"Dynamic compression properties and deterioration of red-sandstone subject to cyclic wet-dry treatment","volume":"2019","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-020-01994-6","article-title":"Effect of water content on the mechanical properties and deformation characteristics of the clay-bearing red sandstone","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-021-02402-3","article-title":"Effect of water content on the mechanical properties of an artificial porous rock","volume":"80","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105156","article-title":"Influence of moisture on crack propagation in coal and its failure modes","volume":"258","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2019.00348","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the mechanical failure behavior of coal specimens with water intrusion","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2021.104621","article-title":"Crack coalescence in rock-like specimens with two dissimilar layers and pre-existing double parallel joints under uniaxial compression","volume":"139","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-023-03532-8","article-title":"Fracturing and energy evolution of rock around prefabricated rectangular and circular tunnels under shearing load: A comparative analysis","volume":"56","author":"Xin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2020.104289","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigations on crack development and mechanical behavior of marble under uniaxial cyclic loading compression","volume":"130","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-019-01463-9","article-title":"Experimental study on energy dissipation of fragments during rockburst","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2023.105128","article-title":"Evaluation of rockburst risk in deep tunnels considering structural planes based on energy dissipation rate criterion and numerical simulation","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-020-02197-x","article-title":"Rock damage and energy balance of strainbursts induced by low frequency seismic disturbance at high static stress","volume":"53","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Wang, J., Chen, G., Meng, K., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Thermal Infrared Precursor Information of Rock Surface during Failure Considering Different Intermediate Principal Stresses. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15118877"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0886-7798(94)90010-8","article-title":"Rockburst mechanisms in tunnels and shafts","volume":"9","author":"Ortlepp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2023.107020","article-title":"Study of mechanical characteristics and damage mechanism of sandstone under long-term immersion","volume":"315","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121727","article-title":"Responses of multi-scale microstructures, physical-mechanical and hydraulic characteristics of roof rocks caused by the supercritical CO2-water-rock reaction","volume":"238","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2019.102911","article-title":"Hydraulic fracture propagation in naturally fractured reservoirs: Complex fracture or fracture networks","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12182-018-0297-z","article-title":"Understanding hydraulic fracture propagation behavior in tight sandstone\u2013coal interbedded formations: An experimental investigation","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2020.104438","article-title":"Photoelastic observation of toughness-dominant hydraulic fracture propagation across an orthogonal discontinuity in soft, viscoelastic layered formations","volume":"134","author":"Ham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.probengmech.2023.103497","article-title":"Reliability analysis of the stress intensity factor using multilevel Monte Carlo methods","volume":"74","author":"Hamdia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probabilistic Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-011-0431-z","article-title":"Laboratory tests to study the influence of rock stress confinement on the performances of TBM discs in tunnels","volume":"18","author":"Innaurato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Liu, X., Chen, F., Zhang, H., and Xiao, X. (2023). Numerical simulation on crack\u2013inclusion interaction for rib-to-deck welded joints in orthotropic steel deck. Metals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/met13081402"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-022-02232-4","article-title":"Experimental study on rock failure characteristics of ejective rock burst based on energy compensation","volume":"40","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-021-02429-8","article-title":"Mechanism of structural\u2013slip rockbursts in civil tunnels: An experimental investigation","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/12\/2818\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:56:16Z","timestamp":1760108176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/12\/2818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17122818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17122818","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]}}}