{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T21:55:27Z","timestamp":1788731727478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the influence of exposure conditions on the behavior of mortar subjected to an external sulfate attack (ESA). Three different exposure conditions (full immersion, semi-immersion, and drying\/wetting cycles) were tested on mortar prisms made with Portland cement and two w\/c ratios (0.45 and 0.6). To monitor degradation, it was necessary to evaluate variations in length (expansion), mass changes, compressive and tensile strengths, changes in the total porosity measured using water accessible porosity tests, and changes in the macroscopic behavior of the samples. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was used to determine the size distribution of the pores. It was demonstrated that mixing mortar with the lower w\/c ratio of 0.45 results in improved performance against an ESA. This study also demonstrates that the type of exposure to an ESA has no significant effect on the kinetics of sulfate penetration during the exposure period. However, the sample\u2019s surface becomes more cracked when subjected to repeated drying and wetting cycles. For all the considered exposure conditions, expansion occurred in three stages. In stage 1, the reaction product (ettringite) precipitated in large voids, without causing significant expansion (the expansion remained low and stable). During the second stage, the reaction products generated growing internal stress. The final stage of expansion resulted in microcracks, strength losses, and the formation of macropores, which ultimately lead to material failure. The MIP results indicate that major changes in the porosity and pore volume distribution occur at the surface layer in regard to the gel and capillary pore ranges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17133198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T09:06:07Z","timestamp":1719824767000},"page":"3198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of Exposure Conditions on Mortar Subjected to an External Sulfate Attack"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5552-6662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Othman","family":"Omikrine Metalssi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Gustave Eiffel, Cerema, UMR MCD, F-77454 Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Quiertant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Gustave Eiffel, EMGCU, F-77454 Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, France"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche, ESTP, F-94230 Cachan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Gustave Eiffel, Cerema, UMR MCD, F-77454 Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Baroghel-Bouny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Gustave Eiffel, Cerema, UMR MCD, F-77454 Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.107065","article-title":"Understanding the degradation mechanisms of cement-based systems in combined chloride-sulfate attack","volume":"164","author":"Touhami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. 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