{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T21:20:53Z","timestamp":1762809653280,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Naphthenic acid corrosion is a well-recognized factor contributing to corrosion in the construction of offshore industry pipelines. To mitigate the corrosive effects, minor quantities of alloying elements are introduced into the steel. This research specifically explores the corrosion effects arising from immersing low-carbon steel, specifically A333 Grade 6, in a naphthenic acid solution. Various weight percentages of niobium were incorporated, and the resulting properties were observed. It was noted that the addition of 2% niobium in low-carbon steel exhibited the least mass loss and a lower corrosion rate after a 12 h immersion in naphthenic acid. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed small white particles, indicating the presence of oil sediment residue, along with corrosion pits. Following the addition of 2% niobium, the occurrence of corrosion pits markedly decreased, and only minor voids were observed. Additionally, the chemical composition analysis using energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) showed that the black spot exhibited the highest percentage of carbon, resembling high corrosion attack. Meanwhile, the whitish regions with low carbon content indicated the lowest corrosion attack. The results demonstrated that the addition of 2% niobium yielded optimal properties for justifying corrosion effects. Therefore, low-carbon steel with a 2% niobium addition can be regarded as a superior corrosion-resistant material for offshore platform pipeline applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17133372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1720438202000},"page":"3372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Mitigation: The Role of Niobium in Low-Carbon Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2623-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurliyana Mohamad","family":"Arifin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Manufacturing and Environmental Sustainability (CMES), Multimedia University, Bukit Beruang 75450, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Bukit Beruang 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kesahvanveraragu","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Bukit Beruang 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ervina Efzan","family":"Mhd Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Manufacturing and Environmental Sustainability (CMES), Multimedia University, Bukit Beruang 75450, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Bukit Beruang 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.04.022","article-title":"Development and potential performance of prepolymer in corrosion inhibition for carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl: Outlooks from experimental and computational investigations","volume":"574","author":"Hsissou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asmatulu, R. (2012). Nanocoatings for Corrosion Protection of Aerospace Alloys, Woodhead Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095800.2.357"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4580","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA25094G","article-title":"Carbon steel corrosion: A review of key surface properties and characterization methods","volume":"7","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arifin, N.M., Efzan, E., Noor, M., Mohamad, F., and Mohamad, N. (2024). The Impact of Spinning Speed on n-TiO2\/ZnO Bilayer Thin Film Fabricated through Sol\u2013Gel Spin-Coating Method. Coatings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14010073"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2017.08.073","article-title":"The effect of crude oil in the pipeline corrosion by the naphthenic acid and the sulfur: A numerical approach","volume":"158","author":"Boudouani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4889","article-title":"A new production cost effectiveness factor for assessing photovoltaic module cooling techniques","volume":"44","author":"Sultan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.07.094","article-title":"Synergy effect of naphthenic acid corrosion and sulfur corrosion in crude oil distillation unit","volume":"259","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.280.284","article-title":"A review on effect of nanoreinforcement on mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites","volume":"280","author":"Efzan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-004-6207-7","article-title":"The influence of microstructure on the corrosion rate of various carbon steels","volume":"35","author":"Clover","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arifin, N.M., Mohamad, F., Hussin, R., Ismail, A.Z.M., Ramli, S.A., Ahmad, N., Nor, N.H.M., Sahdan, M.Z., Zain, M.Z.M., and Izaki, M. (2023). Annealing Treatment on Homogenous n-TiO2\/ZnO Bilayer Thin Film Deposition as Window Layer for p-Cu2O-Based Heterostructure Thin Film Film Deposition as Window Layer for p-Cu2O-Based. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13010206"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microstructural Characterization and Hardness Properties of A333 Grade 6 Low Carbon Steel in Offshore Platform Pipelines","volume":"2","author":"Efzan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2024). Standard Specifications For Seamless And Welded Steel Pipe For Low-Temperature Service (Standard No. ASTM A333)."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bejinariu, C., Burduhos-Nergis, D.P., and Cimpoesu, N. (2021). Immersion behavior of carbon steel, phosphate carbon steel and phosphate and painted carbon steel in saltwater. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010188"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012003","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2169\/1\/012003","article-title":"Effects of TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles addition on the thermal properties and wettability of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-xTiO2-xAl2O3","volume":"2169","author":"Muzni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.10.035","article-title":"Growth of titanium dioxide nanorod over shape memory material using chemical vapor deposition for energy conversion application","volume":"28","author":"Khanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012184","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/226\/1\/012184","article-title":"Cyclic Voltammetry Measurement for Cu2O Based Homostructure Thin Film","volume":"226","author":"Binti","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14391998000100007","article-title":"Effect of niobium on corrosion resistance to sulfuric acid of 430 ferritic stainless steel","volume":"1","author":"Wolynec","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99058","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA18453C","article-title":"Impact of aluminium addition on the corrosion behaviour of Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder","volume":"5","author":"Nordin","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"128","article-title":"Production of Nb-doped super duplex stainless steel based on recycled material: A study of the microstructural characterization, corrosion, and mechanical behavior","volume":"308","author":"Toledo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.12.243","article-title":"Effects of niobium and rare earth elements on microstructure and initial marine corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels","volume":"475","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-018-0084-9","article-title":"Contributions of rare earth element (La,Ce) addition to the impact toughness of low carbon cast niobium microalloyed steels","volume":"24","author":"Torkamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2010.06.010","article-title":"Effect of niobium on the corrosion behaviour of low alloy steel in sulfuric acid solution","volume":"52","author":"Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.05.057","article-title":"Effects of niobium and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon cast steels","volume":"105","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"10","article-title":"A review: Effect of nanoparticles addition on the properties of Sn-Ag-Cu lead free solder alloy","volume":"2347","author":"Efzan","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-021-05650-7","article-title":"Development of homogenous n-TiO2\/ZnO bilayer\/p-Cu2O heterostructure thin film","volume":"100","author":"Arifin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3191","article-title":"Offshore installation of technology of puteri heated pipe-in-pipe system in Malaysia","volume":"4","author":"Dhillon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Annu. Offshore Technol. Conf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103744","article-title":"Analysis on extracted jute cellulose nanofibers by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction","volume":"48","author":"Syazwani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6853","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b01066","article-title":"Analysis of Oxide Scales Formed in the Naphthenic Acid Corrosion of Carbon Steel","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.695.684","article-title":"Review on Pipelines in Offshore Platform Processing System","volume":"695","author":"Efzan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2328","article-title":"Study the Effects of Naphthenic Acid in Crude Oil Equipment Corrosion","volume":"2","author":"Elnour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ind. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2023.106780","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of NbxCu0.3Cr2Fe2Ni3Mn2 high-entropy alloys in HNO3 solution","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1520\/JTE20170609","article-title":"Microstructure and X-ray diffraction analysis of aluminum-fly ash composites produced by compocasting method","volume":"49","author":"Efzan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Test. Eval."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.07.109","article-title":"Understanding the interaction between erosion and corrosion of pipeline steel in acid solution of different pH","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.47.1034","article-title":"The effects of heating rate on austenite grain growth in a Ti-modified SAE 8620 steel with controlled niobium additions","volume":"47","author":"Alogab","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"208","article-title":"Role of niobium oxides on the strength of plain carbon steels","volume":"10","author":"Bommareddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Met."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehmeti, V., and Podvorica, F.I. (2018). Experimental and theoretical studies on corrosion inhibition of niobium and tantalum surfaces by carboxylated graphene oxide. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11060893"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zong, Y., and Liu, C.M. (2021). Microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of ultra-low carbon bainite steel with different niobium content. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020311"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/13\/3372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:11:48Z","timestamp":1760109108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/13\/3372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17133372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17133372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]}}}