{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:00:41Z","timestamp":1791946841729,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Joint Funds of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Joint Funds of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["216Z4101G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216Z4101G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects of China","award":["U22A20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20130"]}]},{"name":"the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects of China","award":["216Z4101G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216Z4101G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fabricating efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is crucial for water electrocatalysis. Herein, the spinel-type high-entropy oxides of (Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr)3O4 were synthesized through the high-temperature calcination approach. The influences of calcination temperatures on structures and electrochemical properties were investigated. The optimized catalyst of HEO-900 contains the hybrid structure of regular polyhedrons and irregular nanoparticles, which is beneficial for the exposure of electrochemically active sites. It was identified that the abundant high-valence metal species of Ni3+, Co3+, Fe3+, Mn4+, and Cr3+ are formed during the OER process, which is generally regarded as the electrochemically active sites for OER. Because of the synergistic effect of multi-metal active sites, the optimized HEO-900 catalyst indicates excellent OER activity, which needs the overpotential of 366 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm\u22122. Moreover, HEO-900 reveals the prominent durability of running for 24 h at the current density of 10 mA cm\u22122 without clear delay. Therefore, this work supplies a promising route for preparing high-performance multi-metal OER electrocatalysts for water electrocatalysis application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17143415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T15:22:05Z","timestamp":1720624925000},"page":"3415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fabricating Spinel-Type High-Entropy Oxides of (Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr)3O4 for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Zhengzhou 450006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Zhengzhou 450006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Zhengzhou 450006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xupo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Zhengzhou 450006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongli","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Zhengzhou 450006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b16626","article-title":"In Situ Crystallization of Active NiOOH\/CoOOH Heterostructures with Hydroxide Ion Adsorption Sites on Velutipes-like CoSe\/NiSe Nanorods as Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution and Cocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.H., Kang, S.H., and Youn, D.H. (2021). Direct One-Step Growth of Bimetallic Ni2Mo3N on Ni Foam as an Efficient Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164768"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Z., Guo, S., Tan, Z., Wang, L., Li, G., Tang, M., Feng, Z., Yuan, X., Wang, Y., and Cao, B. (2024). Research Advances of Non-Noble Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acid. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17071637"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902105","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201902105","article-title":"In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy on Energy-Related Catalysis","volume":"10","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, K., Zhai, Y., Zhang, J., and Yu, K. (2019). FeS2\/C Nanowires as an Effective Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Electrolytic Water Splitting. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12203364"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC06410E","article-title":"Formation of unexpectedly active Ni-Fe oxygen evolution electrocatalysts by physically mixing Ni and Fe oxyhydroxides","volume":"55","author":"Gorlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.136478","article-title":"Corrosion-assisted large-scale production of hierarchical iron rusts\/Ni(OH)2 nanosheet-on-microsphere arrays for efficient electrocatalysis","volume":"353","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13415","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA05038E","article-title":"Compositional engineering of sulfides, phosphides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, and hydroxides for water splitting","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9871","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA03272G","article-title":"Atomic Ir-doped NiCo layered double hydroxide as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for highly efficient and durable water splitting","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b03949","article-title":"Ultrathin Co3O4 Nanomeshes for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202000734","article-title":"Recent Advances in Transition Metal Phosphide Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting under Neutral pH Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR08148K","article-title":"Co2P quantum dot embedded N, P dual-doped carbon self-supported electrodes with flexible and binder-free properties for efficient hydrogen evolution reactions","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702300","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201702300","article-title":"Multifunctional Mo-N\/C@MoS2 Electrocatalysts for HER, OER, ORR, and Zn-Air Batteries","volume":"27","author":"Amiinu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2018.03.020","article-title":"Co1\u2212xS embedded in porous carbon derived from metal organic framework as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction","volume":"30","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11703","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202002495","article-title":"Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of Tin Sulfide Nanostructures","volume":"5","author":"Keerthana","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805641","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201805641","article-title":"Co2P-CoN double active centers confined in N-doped carbon nanotube: Heterostructural engineering for trifunctional catalysis toward HER, ORR, OER, and Zn-air batteries driven water splitting","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-022-2335-1","article-title":"Tailoring the electronic structure of ZnCo2O4 by incorporating anions with low electronegativity to improve the water oxidation activity","volume":"66","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101653","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101653","article-title":"Constructing Active Sites from Atomic-Scale Geometrical Engineering in Spinel Oxide Solid Solutions for Efficient and Robust Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts","volume":"8","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10121","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00051","article-title":"Spinels: Controlled Preparation, Oxygen Reduction\/Evolution Reaction Application, and Beyond","volume":"117","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000663","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000663","article-title":"Turning waste into treasure: Regulating the oxygen corrosion on Fe foam for efficient electrocatalysis","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.08.045","article-title":"Sub-3 nm pores in two-dimensional nanomesh promoting the generation of electroactive phase for robust water oxidation","volume":"53","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2019.11.032","article-title":"Quaternary (Fe\/Ni)(P\/S) mesoporous nanorods templated on stainless steel mesh lead to stable oxygen evolution reaction for over two months","volume":"561","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04746-z","article-title":"High-performance bifunctional porous non-noble metal phosphide catalyst for overall water splitting","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17934-7","article-title":"Lattice oxygen activation enabled by high-valence metal sites for enhanced water oxidation","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H., Park, B.H., Choi, J., Kim, S., Kim, T., Youn, Y.-S., Son, N., Kim, J.H., and Kang, M. (2020). Enhanced electrochemical properties and OER performances by Cu substitution in NiCo2O4 spinel structure. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091727"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15062","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.3c02867","article-title":"Oxophilicity induced surface hydroxylation to promote oxygen evolution in selectively substituted spinel-type cobalt oxides","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2023.117298","article-title":"Probing the electrocatalytic activity of hierarchically mesoporous M-Co3O4 (M = Ni, Zn, and Mn) with branched pattern for oxygen evolution reaction","volume":"934","author":"Vazhayil","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.171754","article-title":"Quenching-induced surface reconstruction of FeMn2O4 for promoted oxygen evolution reaction","volume":"967","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1039\/D3DT00318C","article-title":"General synthesis of CoCeMOx trimetallic oxides via a cation exchange reaction for the oxygen evolution reaction","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.3c00034","article-title":"Tuning oxygen vacancies in Co3O4 nanorods through solvent reduction method for enhanced oxygen evolution activity","volume":"37","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300541","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202300541","article-title":"Synthesis of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Co) nanoparticles by a bicontinuous microemulsion method for the oxygen evolution reaction","volume":"10","author":"Sultan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CE01246H","article-title":"Influence of Mo concentration on the structural and electrochemical properties of double-doped Mo-Co-Ni3S2\/NF composites","volume":"26","author":"Shoaib","year":"2024","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14908","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CP00020J","article-title":"A high-performance electrocatalyst via graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet-decorated bimetallic phosphide for alkaline water electrolysis","volume":"26","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Liu, S., Wei, L., He, H., Jiang, B., Zhan, Z., Wang, J., Li, X., and Gou, W. (2024). One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of bifunctional Co\/Mo-rGO efficient electrocatalyst for HER\/OER in water splitting. Catal. Lett.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-024-04723-w"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Xu, H., Pei, Y., Hu, L., and Yang, Z. (2024). Investigation into the performance of tremella-like LaNiO3-NiO composite as an electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. Ionics.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-024-05614-1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-023-05302-6","article-title":"Cobalt-based transition metal boride electrocatalysts for alkaline water oxidation reactions","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003870","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202003870","article-title":"Emerging Metal Single Atoms in Electrocatalysts and Batteries","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201904506","article-title":"Ambient Growth of Hierarchical FeOOH\/MXene as Enhanced Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10130","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA03044A","article-title":"Recent advances on metal alkoxide-based electrocatalysts for water splitting","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8061","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC02031E","article-title":"Tuning the selectivity of biomass oxidation over oxygen evolution on NiO-OH electrodes","volume":"23","author":"Gouda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/14\/3415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:12:58Z","timestamp":1760109178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/14\/3415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17143415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17143415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]}}}