{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:18:48Z","timestamp":1760145528491,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K17319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K17319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On the human face, the lips are one of the most important anatomical elements, both morphologically and functionally. Morphologically, they have a significant impact on aesthetics, and abnormal lip morphology causes sociopsychological problems. Functionally, they play a crucial role in breathing, articulation, feeding, and swallowing. An apparatus that can accurately and easily measure the elastic modulus of perioral tissues in clinical tests was developed, and its measurement sensitivity was evaluated. The apparatus is basically a uniaxial compression apparatus consisting of a force sensor and a displacement sensor. The displacement sensor works by enhancing the restoring force due to the deformation of soft materials. Using the apparatus, the force and the displacement were measured for polyurethane elastomers with various levels of softness, which are a model material of human tissues. The stress measured by the developed apparatus increased in proportion to Young\u2019s modulus, and was measured by the compression apparatus at the whole region of Young\u2019s modulus, indicating that the relation can be used for calibration. Clinical tests using the developed apparatus revealed that Young\u2019s moduli for upper lip, left cheek, and right cheek were evaluated to be 45, 4.0, and 9.9 kPa, respectively. In this paper, the advantages of this apparatus and the interpretation of the data obtained are discussed from the perspective of orthodontics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17153654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T14:55:47Z","timestamp":1721832947000},"page":"3654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fabrication of Apparatus Specialized for Measuring the Elasticity of Perioral Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Takemoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junya","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Oomori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kojiro","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2048-9248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isao","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1355-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsu","family":"Mitsumata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12498","article-title":"Cosmetic dentistry: A socioethical evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Holden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.06.030","article-title":"Evaluation of well-balanced lip position by Japanese orthodontic patients","volume":"139","author":"Shimomura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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