{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:24:17Z","timestamp":1768814657592,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome funding Grant Ateneo Ricerca 2022","award":["RM1221867C322C1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1221867C322C1"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome funding Grant Ateneo Ricerca 2022","award":["AR223188AFDCFD42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR223188AFDCFD42"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome funding Grant Progetti per Avvio alla Ricerca-Tipo 2 2023","award":["RM1221867C322C1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1221867C322C1"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome funding Grant Progetti per Avvio alla Ricerca-Tipo 2 2023","award":["AR223188AFDCFD42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR223188AFDCFD42"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the use of pine wood biochar (BC) waste gasified at 950 \u00b0C as fillers in polymer matrices to create BC@biopolymer composites with perspectives in groundwater remediation. Four biochar samples underwent different sieving and grinding processes and were extensively characterized via UV\u2013Vis, FTIR, and FESEM\u2013EDS, highlighting the fact that that BCs are essentially graphitic in nature with a sponge-like morphology. The grinding process influences the particle size, reducing the specific surface area by about 30% (evaluated by BET). The adsorption performances of raw BC were validated via an adsorption isotherm using trichloroethylene (TCE) as a model contaminant. A selected BC sample was used to produce hydrophilic, stable polymer composites with chitosan (CS), alginate (ALG), potato starch (PST), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) via a simple blending approach. Pilot sedimentation tests over 7 days in water identified BC@PST and BC@CMC as the most stable suspensions due to a combination of both hydrogen bonds and physical entrapment, as studied by FTIR. BC@CMC showed optimal distribution and retention properties without clogging in breakthrough tests. The study concludes that biopolymer-based biochar composites with improved stability in aqueous environments hold significant promise for addressing various groundwater pollution challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17163899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T08:42:28Z","timestamp":1723020148000},"page":"3899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Biochar\/Biopolymer Composites for Potential In Situ Groundwater Remediation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8698-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Petrangeli Papini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Feriaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Pettiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9638-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Lorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5172-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Fratoddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.-M., and Wu, M.-T. 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