{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:45:44Z","timestamp":1787161544192,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New York University Faculty Research Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this in vitro study was to develop calcium sulfate (CS)-based disks infused with an antimicrobial drug, which can be used as a post-surgical treatment modality for osteomyelitis. CS powder was embedded with 10% antibiotic, amoxicillin (AMX) or moxifloxacin (MFX), to form composite disks 11 mm in diameter that were tested for their degradation and antibiotic release profiles. For the disk degradation study portion, the single drug-loaded disks were placed in individual meshes, subsequently submerged in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and incubated at 37 \u00b0C. The disks were weighed once every seven days and analyzed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. During the antibiotic release analysis, composite disks were placed in PBS solution, which was changed every 3 days, and analyzed for antibiotic activity and efficacy. The antibacterial effects of these sustained-release composites were tested by agar diffusion assay using Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) UA 159 as an indicator strain. The degradation data showed significant increases in the degradation of all disks with the addition of antibiotics. Following PBS incubation, there were significant increases in the amount of phosphate and decreases in the amount of sulfate. The agar diffusion assay demonstrated that the released concentrations of the respective antibiotics from the disks were significantly higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration exhibited against S. mutans over a 2\u20133-week period. In conclusion, CS-antibiotic composite disks can potentially serve as a resorbable, osteoconductive, and antibacterial therapy in the treatment of bone defects and osteomyelitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17164086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1724049691000},"page":"4086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Calcium Sulfate Disks for Sustained-Release of Amoxicillin and Moxifloxacin for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Riddhi","family":"Gangolli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7215-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smruti","family":"Pushalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5086-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Danna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Fleisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo G.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Witek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"},{"name":"Hansj\u00f6rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Tovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2003.07.008","article-title":"Is primary chronic osteomyelitis a uniform disease? Proposal of a classification based on a retrospective analysis of patients treated in the past 30 years","volume":"32","author":"Baltensperger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.029","article-title":"Surgical management of primary chronic osteomyelitis: A long-term retrospective analysis","volume":"66","author":"Bevin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2017.08.006","article-title":"Chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible: A comparative study of 10 cases with primary chronic osteomyelitis and 12 cases with secondary chronic osteomyelitis","volume":"118","author":"Sigaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2017.04.007","article-title":"Osteomyelitis of the jaws: A retrospective series of 40 patients","volume":"118","author":"Andre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2007.07.001","article-title":"Contemporary concepts in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis","volume":"19","author":"Coviello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir842","article-title":"Systemic antibiotic therapy for chronic osteomyelitis in adults","volume":"54","author":"Spellberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20130426-07","article-title":"Long bone osteomyelitis in adults: Fundamental concepts and current techniques","volume":"36","author":"Sanders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.76.898.479","article-title":"Pathophysiology of chronic bacterial osteomyelitis. Why do antibiotics fail so often?","volume":"76","author":"Ciampolini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-021-01607-z","article-title":"Osteomyelitis of Maxilla: A Rare Presentation Yet Not So Rare","volume":"21","author":"Lata","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i64B35781","article-title":"Prevalence of Osteomyelitis in Jaws among the Patients Visiting Private Dental Hospital: An Institutional Study","volume":"33","author":"Akshayaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2019\/871","article-title":"Implantation dermoid cyst","volume":"8","author":"Sukumaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Evol. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1061-3315(18)30045-3","article-title":"Infections of the jaws, including infected fractures, osteomyelitis, and osteoradionecrosis","volume":"8","author":"Lieblich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.01.010","article-title":"The release of cefazolin and gentamicin from biodegradable PLA\/PGA beads","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5167-7","article-title":"Composite chitosan and calcium sulfate scaffold for dual delivery of vancomycin and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"25","author":"Doty","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, S., Jiang, T., Yang, Y., Yang, X., and Zhao, J. (2016). Combination therapy with vancomycin-loaded calcium sulfate and vancomycin-loaded PMMA in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1352-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20049","article-title":"A biodegradable delivery system for antibiotics and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: A potential treatment for infected bone defects","volume":"24","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100712460209","article-title":"Antibiotic-coated nail for fusion of infected charcot ankles","volume":"34","author":"Pawar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.09.001","article-title":"In vivo study of biodegradable alginate antibiotic beads in rabbits","volume":"22","author":"Ueng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.007","article-title":"Calcium phosphate cements as bone drug delivery systems: A review","volume":"113","author":"Ginebra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328207083311","article-title":"BMP-2 incorporated in a tricalcium phosphate bone substitute enhances bone remodeling in sheep","volume":"22","author":"Maus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.10.050","article-title":"In vitro anti-biofilm activity of a biphasic gentamicin-loaded calcium sulfate\/hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute","volume":"161","author":"Butini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2018.11.008","article-title":"Evaluation of bone regeneration in periapical osseous defects with and without platelet rich plasma, combined calcium sulfate and autologous bone graft\u2014A comparative study","volume":"120","author":"Nakkeeran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33815","article-title":"Limitation of the antibiotic-eluting bone graft substitute: An example of gentamycin-impregnated calcium sulfate","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34166","article-title":"Targeted delivery of vancomycin to Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms using a fibrinogen-derived peptide","volume":"100","author":"Hofmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10777","DOI":"10.1039\/c2dt30984j","article-title":"Multifunctional magnetic calcium phosphate nanoparticles for targeted platin delivery","volume":"41","author":"Rout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200101000-00002","article-title":"The use of plaster of Paris to fill large defects in bone: A preliminary report","volume":"382","author":"Peltier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70188-5","article-title":"Grafting of large defects of the jaws with a particulate dentin-plaster of paris combination","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200101000-00008","article-title":"The use of a surgical grade calcium sulfate as a bone graft substitute: Results of a multicenter trial","volume":"382","author":"Kelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"859","article-title":"Effect of adding resorbable calcium sulfate to grafting materials on early bone regeneration in osseous defects in rabbits","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.10.022","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion on cariogenic Streptococcus mutans","volume":"56","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"319","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans vertebral osteomyelitis","volume":"17","author":"Ullman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"238","article-title":"Adult osteomyelitis: Debridement versus debridement plus Osteoset T pellets","volume":"73","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Belg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20060701-02","article-title":"Antibiotic beads and osteomyelitis: Here today, what\u2019s coming tomorrow?","volume":"29","author":"Kent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-8842(96)00016-8","article-title":"The FTIR spectroscopy and QXRD studies of calcium phosphate based materials produced from the powder precursors with different Ca\/P ratios","volume":"23","author":"Slosarczyk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","article-title":"Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Marco, F., Amero, Y., Garcia de la Maria, C., Amat, E., Almela, M., Moreno, A., Claramonte, X., Perez, N., Mestres, C.A., and Gatell, J.M. (2005, January 2\u20135). Trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities of viridans group streptococci isolated in patients with infective endocarditis from 1990 to 2003. Proceedings of the 15th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(99)00117-X","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and Arnica montana against oral pathogens","volume":"45","author":"Koo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800427g","article-title":"Calcium phosphate-based osteoinductive materials","volume":"108","author":"LeGeros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.B., Mohan, K., Al-Sanousi, A., Almaghrabi, B., Genco, R.J., Swihart, M.T., and Dziak, R. (2011). Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline calcium sulfate for use in osseous regeneration. Biomed. Mater., 6.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/6\/5\/055007"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v020a01","article-title":"Design of ceramic-based cements and putties for bone graft substitution","volume":"20","author":"Bohner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(83)90294-X","article-title":"Osteoradionecrosis: A new concept of its pathophysiology","volume":"41","author":"Marx","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2010.927","article-title":"Osteomyelitis presenting in two patients: A challenging disease to manage","volume":"209","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brit Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.10.025","article-title":"Does fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography facilitate treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of hte jaw?","volume":"74","author":"Fleisher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2003.50110","article-title":"Primary chronic osteomyelitis in childhood and adolescence: A retrospective analysis of 11 cases and review of hte literature","volume":"61","author":"Eyrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxilofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31222","article-title":"Cephalexin-loaded injectable macroporous calcium phosphate bone cement","volume":"89","author":"Hesaraki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.04.024","article-title":"Efficacy of vancomycin-impregnated cement beads for the treatment of MRSA infection of failed graft tissue at the mandible","volume":"63","author":"Morimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01127-12","article-title":"Use of xylitol to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of polymethylmethacrylate-based antibiotic therapy in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis","volume":"56","author":"Beenken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345840630031001","article-title":"Virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and dental caries prevention","volume":"63","author":"Hamada","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.50.4.353-380.1986","article-title":"Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay","volume":"50","author":"Loesche","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328210373670","article-title":"Calcium sulfate spinal cord scaffold: A study on degradation and fibroblast growth factor 1 loading and release","volume":"26","author":"Aberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0056-3","article-title":"Preparation, mechanical properties and in vitro degradability of wollastonite\/tricalcium phosphate macroporous scaffolds from nanocomposite powders","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820221406","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of deposits associated with HA ceramics implanted in nonosseous sites","volume":"22","author":"Heughebaert","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000419232","article-title":"Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine","volume":"15","author":"LeGeros","year":"1991","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeGeros, R.Z., Ol Gregoire, M., and Daculsi, G. (1991). Substrate Surface dissolution and Interfacial Biological Mineralization. The Bone-Biomaterial Interface, University of Toronto Press. Chapter 7.","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442671508-010"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70114-0","article-title":"Calcium sulfate- and calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes. Mimicry of the mineral phase of bone","volume":"30","author":"Tay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31269","article-title":"Calcium sulfate: Properties and clinical applications","volume":"88","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1962.tb01228.x","article-title":"Correlation of the plate-dilution method to the agar diffusion method (disc and tablet methods) with a special view to the importance of pre-diffusion","volume":"54","author":"Thomsen","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/25.2.209","article-title":"Comparison of four methods for the determination of MIC and MBC of penicillin for viridans streptococci and the implications for penicillin tolerance","volume":"25","author":"James","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(97)80012-4","article-title":"Treatment of chronic suppurative osteomyelitis of the mandible","volume":"26","author":"Groot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01119-08","article-title":"Bone penetration of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid evaluated by population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"53","author":"Landersdorfer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/16\/4086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:38:03Z","timestamp":1760110683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/16\/4086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17164086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17164086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]}}}