{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:52:48Z","timestamp":1783572768471,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Development Fund of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Warsaw, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the potential of utilizing hazelnut shells (HS) as an innovative filler in three-layer plywood technology, addressing the growing need for sustainable, high-performance materials. Traditional plywood production relies on adhesives enhanced with various fillers to improve physical, mechanical, and operational characteristics. This research explores using native, chemically modified, and activated carbon derived from hazelnut shells as fillers in urea\u2013formaldehyde (UF) resin. The produced plywood\u2019s mechanical properties, water absorption, and formaldehyde emissions were thoroughly analyzed. Key findings demonstrate that incorporating 10 part by weight (pbw) native hazelnut shell flour significantly enhances the modulus of rupture (MOR) to 138.6 N mm\u22122 and modulus of elasticity (MOE) to 13,311 N mm\u22122. Chemically modified hazelnut shell flour achieves optimal results at 5 pbw, while activated carbon from hazelnut shells, even at 1 pbw, markedly improves bonding strength (2.79 N mm\u22122 referred to 0.81 N mm\u22122 for reference sample without filler added). Notably, activated carbon effectively reduces formaldehyde emissions (2.72 mg 100 g\u22121 oven dry panel referred to 3.32 mg 100 g\u22121 oven dry panel for reference samples with 10 pbw filler) and improves water resistance, indicating better further dimensional stability and lower environmental impact. The study also shows that excessive filler content negatively affects strength parameters, confirming the importance of optimizing filler concentration. These results highlight the potential of hazelnut shells as an eco-friendly alternative filler in plywood production, contributing to waste valorization and environmental sustainability. This study supports the practical application of hazelnut shell fillers, promoting a circular economy and reducing reliance on traditional, less sustainable materials, thus providing a valuable solution for the wood composite industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17164128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T10:03:12Z","timestamp":1724148192000},"page":"4128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Influence of Various Modifications of Hazelnut Shell Flour as Potential Filler in Plywood Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Wronka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Wojnicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1463-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Kowaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Wood Science and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sapuan, S.M., Paridah, M.T., SaifulAzry, S.O.A., and Lee, S.H. (2022). 6-Nonformaldehyde-Based Adhesives Used for Bonding Oil Palm Biomass (OPB). Oil Palm Biomass for Composite Panels, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Optimization of Preparation Conditions for Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Based Adhesive for Plywood Application Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"23","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapliyal, P.C. (2023). Organic Nanofillers and Their Classification Employed in Polymers, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003279372-1"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"294","article-title":"Fillers for Polymer Composite Materials","volume":"14","author":"Mazitova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"23","article-title":"Inorganic Powders Used in Agricultural Formulations","volume":"1579","author":"Esposito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4191\/kcers.2014.51.2.127","article-title":"Effect of Grain Size and Replacement Ratio on the Plastic Properties of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Using Limestone as Raw Material","volume":"51","author":"Baek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"65","article-title":"Antimicrobial Edible Film from Banana Peels as Food Packaging","volume":"2","author":"Astuti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Oil Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3311\/PPme.22963","article-title":"Mechanical Characterization of Hybrid Bagasse\/Eggshell\/E-Glass Fiber-Based Polyester Composite","volume":"68","author":"Trivedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2021-0074","article-title":"Hybrid Green Organic\/Inorganic Filler Polypropylene Composites: Morphological Study and Mechanical Performance Investigations","volume":"21","author":"Hayajneh","year":"2021","journal-title":"E-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grz\u0105bka-Zasadzi\u0144ska, A., Klapiszewski, \u0141., Jesionowski, T., and Borysiak, S. (2020). Functional MgO\u2013Lignin Hybrids and Their Application as Fillers for Polypropylene Composites. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040864"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reh, R., Kristak, L., Sedliacik, J., Bekhta, P., Wronka, A., and Kowaluk, G. (2024). Molded Plywood with Proportions of Beech Bark in Adhesive Mixtures: Production on an Industrial Scale. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16070966"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e9h, R., Igaz, R., Kri\u0161t\u2019\u00e1k, L., Ru\u017eiak, I., Gajtanska, M., Bo\u017e\u00edkov\u00e1, M., and Ku\u010derka, M. (2019). Functionality of Beech Bark in Adhesive Mixtures Used in Plywood and Its Effect on the Stability Associated with Material Systems. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12081298"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.1025.307","article-title":"Comparison of Phenol-Formaldehyde and Lignin-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives for Wood Application","volume":"1025","author":"Roslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Quan, H., Ji, J., Zhang, H., and Sun, F. (2024). Research on the Preparation of Wood Adhesive Active Fillers from Tannin-\/Bentonite-Modified Corn Cob. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/f15040604"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirski, R., Kawalerczyk, J., Dziurka, D., Siuda, J., and Wieruszewski, M. (2020). The Application of Oak Bark Powder as a Filler for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11121249"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.887.110","article-title":"Effect of Wood Filler Concentration on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pla-Based Composites","volume":"887","author":"Sabirova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walkiewicz, J., Kawalerczyk, J., Mirski, R., and Dziurka, D. (2022). The Application of Various Bark Species as a Fillers for UF Resin in Plywood Manufacturing. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15207201"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Je\u017co, A., Wronka, A., D\u0119bi\u0144ski, A., Kristak, L., Reh, R., Rizhikovs, J., and Kowaluk, G. (2023). Influence of Upcycled Post-Treatment Bark Biomass Addition to the Binder on Produced Plywood Properties. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14010110"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2022.08.016","article-title":"Current Utilization of Waste Biomass as Filler for Wood Adhesives: A Review","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.149","article-title":"Are Functional Fillers Improving Environmental Behavior of Plastics? A Review on LCA Studies","volume":"626","author":"Ferrer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.15.1.1692-1701","article-title":"Effects of Using Bark Particles with Various Dimensions as a Filler for Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood","volume":"15","author":"Mirski","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-017-1041-2","article-title":"Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of Polylactic Acid Composites with Traditional and Bio-Based Fillers","volume":"26","author":"Haylock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.5902\/1980509841307","article-title":"Evaluation of Chestnut Shell and Coffee Waste with Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin for Plywood Filler","volume":"31","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Florest."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012035","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/550\/1\/012035","article-title":"Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cashew Nut Shell Using N2 as Activation Agent","volume":"550","author":"Anas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Pistachio Nut Shell\u2019s Activated Carbon Using ZnCl2 for Removal of Transition Metal Ions","volume":"29","author":"Shirbhate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-013-0710-y","article-title":"Granular Activated Carbons from Palm Nut Shells for Gold Di-Cyanide Adsorption","volume":"20","author":"Buah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Steam and Co2 Activated Carbon From Brazil Nut Shell","volume":"39","author":"Ferrarini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosci. J."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kumar, J., Sivakumar, S., Prasanth, D., Guhanesh, B., and Ahamed, A. (2021). A Review on the Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Natural Resources for Mechanical Applications. Trends in Manufacturing and Engineering Management: Select Proceedings of ICMechD, Springer."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, J. (2014). Introduction to Carbon Sorbents for Pollution Control, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527658787.ch17"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.30880\/ijie.2020.12.05.030","article-title":"Analysis on Preparation, Application, and Recycling of Activated Carbon to Aid in COVID-19 Protection","volume":"12","author":"Reza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergna, D., Romar, H., Tuomikoski, S., Runtti, H., Kangas, T., Tynj\u00e4l\u00e4, P., and Lassi, U. (2017). Activated Carbon from Renewable Sources: Thermochemical Conversion and Activation of Biomass and Carbon Residues from Biomass Gasification, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49595-8_9"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"507","article-title":"Activated Carbon Production from Biowaste Materials-Properties and Applications: A Review","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020011","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0072755","article-title":"A Review on Activated Carbon Preparation from Natural and Eco-Friendly Raw Materials","volume":"2417","author":"Raut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.25750\/1995-4301-2021-4-210-217","article-title":"V Active Carbons as an Important Factor in the Sustainable Development of the Economy and the Quality of Life of the Population","volume":"2021","author":"Mukhin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125753","article-title":"Highly Efficient Adsorptive Removal of Toluene Using Silicon-Modified Activated Carbon with Improved Fire Resistance","volume":"415","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129121","article-title":"Critical Role of Nanocomposites at Air\u2013Water Interface: From Aqueous Foams to Foam-Based Lightweight Functional Materials","volume":"416","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ergun, M.E., \u00d6zl\u00fcsoylu, \u0130., \u0130stek, A., and Can, A. (2023). Analysis and Impact of Activated Carbon Incorporation into Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive on the Properties of Particleboard. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13091476"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060011","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0105245","article-title":"Influence of Adding Activated Carbon Filler on Sandpaper-Treated Epoxy Resin Surface","volume":"2499","author":"Himarosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2013.05.017","article-title":"Influence of Activated Charcoal as Filler on the Properties of Wood Composites","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2021.2012029","article-title":"Utilization of Activated Carbon as an Additive for Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Manufacturing","volume":"36","author":"Zamani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022081","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/612\/2\/022081","article-title":"The Effect of Walnut Processing By-Product Filler on Properties of Plywood","volume":"612","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"93","article-title":"Palm Kernel Meal as a Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Adhesive Filler for Plywood Applications","volume":"14","author":"Wronka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.15.2.4052-4064","article-title":"Hemp Flour as a Formaldehyde Scavenger for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Production","volume":"15","author":"Kawalerczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2024, July 27). Hazelnut Production Sector in Georgia. Available online: https:\/\/pmcg-i.com\/publication\/hazelnut-production-sector-in-georgia\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuso, A., Risso, D., Rosso, G., Rosso, F., Manini, F., Manera, I., and Caligiani, A. (2021). Potential Valorization of Hazelnut Shells through Extraction, Purification and Structural Characterization of Prebiotic Compounds: A Critical Review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061197"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2005). Adhesives-Determination of Conventional Solids Content and Constant Mass Solids Content (Standard No. EN 827)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2018.466","article-title":"A Green Steam-Modified Delignification Method to Prepare Low-Lignin Delignified Wood for Thick, Large Highly Transparent Wood Composites","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2014). Wood-Based Panels. Sampling, Cutting and Inspection. Initial Type Testing and Factory Production Control (Standard No. EN 326-2:2010+A1)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(1993). Wood-Based Panels. Sampling, Cutting and Inspection. Sampling and Cutting of Test Pieces and Expression of Test Results (Standard No. EN 326-1)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(1993). Wood-Based Panels. Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength (Standard No. EN 310)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2004). Plywood\u2013Bonding Quality\u2013Part 1: Test Methods (Standard No. EN 314-1)."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"24","article-title":"Selected Aspects of Production and Characterization of Layered Biopolymer Composite Bonded with a Cellulose-Based Binder","volume":"119","author":"Dasiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. WULS-SGGW. For. Wood Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"137","article-title":"Influence of the Use of Chestnut Starch as a Binder Filler in Plywood Technology","volume":"148","author":"Dasiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life Sci. SGGW For. Wood Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.5552\/drvind.2021.2029","article-title":"Possibility of Use of NCC-Reinforced Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing","volume":"72","author":"Kawalerczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drv. Ind."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawalerczyk, J., Dukarska, D., Antov, P., Stuper-Szablewska, K., Dziurka, D., and Mirski, R. (2024). Activated Carbon from Coconut Shells as a Modifier of Urea\u2013Formaldehyde Resin in Particleboard Production. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135627"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Oubagaranadin, J.U.K., and Murthy, Z.V.P. (2011). Activated Carbons: Classifications, Properties and Applications, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirts-R\u00fctters, M., Heimann, M., Kolbe, J., and Wolter, K.-J. (2008, January 1\u20134). Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Filled Adhesives for Microelectronic Packaging. Proceedings of the 2008 2nd Electronics Systemintegration Technology Conference (ESTC), Greenwich, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESTC.2008.4684498"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"768","article-title":"Effect of material, adhesive and loading on the stiffness of wooden dowel joints","volume":"68","author":"Karaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wood Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"173","article-title":"Effect of Wood Species and Veneer Arrangement on Swelling and Strength Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)","volume":"50","author":"Nazerian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Xu, J.Y., Niu, Q., Liao, R., and Zhong, Z. (2012, January 21\u201323). Study on the Bonding Characteristics and Mechanism of Plant-Based Powder. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Biobase Material Science and Engineering, Changsha, China."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"376","article-title":"Influence of activated carbon filler on the mechanical properties of wood composites","volume":"10","author":"Atikah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28841","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c03339","article-title":"Study on the Water Absorption Characteristics of Anthracite Particles after Immersion in Water","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.7b00152","article-title":"Water Interaction with Mineral Dust Aerosol: Particle Size and Hygroscopic Properties of Dust","volume":"2","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.103895","article-title":"Study on the Difference in Adsorption Thermodynamics for Water on Swelling and Non-Swelling Clays with Implications for Prevention and Treatment of Pneumoconiosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Gabelman, A. (2024, July 27). Adsorption Basics: Part 2. Available online: https:\/\/www.aiche.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/pages\/adsorption_basics_part_2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-015-4966-5","article-title":"Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Coal Pitch for Mercury Removal in Coal-Fired Power Plants","volume":"123","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012022","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/523\/1\/012022","article-title":"Characterization of Adsorbent Derived from Coconut Husk and Silica (SiO2)","volume":"523","author":"Mariana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Henning, K.-D., and von Kienle, H. (2000). Activated Carbon. Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-023-01998-5","article-title":"Modified Pine Needles as a Formaldehyde Scavenger for Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood Production","volume":"82","author":"Dukarska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wronka, A., and Kowaluk, G. (2023). Upcycling of Wood Dust from Particleboard Recycling as a Filler in Lignocellulosic Layered Composite Technology. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.2012.v1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4517","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004517","article-title":"Study of Properties and Mechanism of Bonding Line in Three-Layer Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l, P., Borysiuk, P., and Mami\u0144ski, M. (2019). Comparison of Methodologies for Acid Buffering Capacity Determination\u2014Empirical Verification of Models. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112345"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-016-1096-0","article-title":"Utilization of Bark Flours as Additive in Plywood Manufacturing","volume":"75","author":"Aydin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"3250","article-title":"Influence of Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive Modification with Beech Bark on Chosen Properties of Plywood","volume":"12","author":"Igaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.127130","article-title":"Performance and Characterization of Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon Prepared by Boric Acid Activation","volume":"295","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"853","article-title":"Removal of Formaldehyde from Aqueous Solution Using Low-Cost and Reusable Adsorbents","volume":"11","author":"Margiana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.890.93","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Formaldehyde Removal by Adsorption onto Nanosilver Loaded Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon","volume":"890","author":"Rengga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-021-02287-y","article-title":"Experimental Study of Formaldehyde and BTEX Adsorption onto Activated Carbon from Lignocellulosic Biomass","volume":"13","author":"Isinkaralar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/16\/4128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:39:52Z","timestamp":1760110792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/16\/4128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17164128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17164128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]}}}