{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:07:44Z","timestamp":1778126864933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20015706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20015706"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EH-24-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EH-24-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003695","name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20015706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20015706"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003695","name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EH-24-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EH-24-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an optimized design approach using nonlinear dynamic analysis and finite element methods to ensure the structural integrity of square-shaped containers made from ductile cast iron for intermediate- and low-level radioactive waste packaging. Ductile cast iron, with its spherical graphite structure, effectively distributes stress throughout the material, leading to a storage capacity increase of approximately 18%. Considering the critical need for containers that maintain integrity under extreme conditions like earthquakes, the design focuses on mitigating stress concentrations at the corners of square structures. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted in five drop directions: three specified by ASTM-D5276 standards and two additional directions to account for different load patterns. Fractures were observed in four out of the five scenarios. For each direction where fractures occurred, equivalent loads causing similar displacement fields were applied to linear static models, which were then used for multi-load topology optimization. Three optimized models were derived, each increasing the volume by 1.4% to 1.6% compared to the original model, and the design that best met the structural integrity requirements during drop scenarios was selected. To further enhance the optimization process, weights were assigned to different load conditions based on numerical analysis results, balancing the impact of maximum stress, average stress, and plastic deformation energy. The final model, with its increased storage capacity and enhanced structural integrity, offers a practical solution for radioactive waste management, overcoming limitations in previous designs by effectively addressing complex load conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17164130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T06:28:51Z","timestamp":1724308131000},"page":"4130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-Load Topology Optimization Design for the Structural Safety Maintenance of Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste Packaging Containers in the Case of a Collision"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jeong-In","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Mobility Components Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanomechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Wook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Mobility Components Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanomechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Jin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Mobility Components Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Jae","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Mobility Components Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aviation Maintenance & Mechanical Engineering, Changshin University, Changwon-si 51352, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Cheol","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanomechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-9109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Seok","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Mobility Components Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2007.11.056","article-title":"Site Selection for Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility in Korea","volume":"50","author":"Yun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. 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