{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:45:36Z","timestamp":1788018336439,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS Kakenhi","award":["23K18597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K18597"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Kakenhi","award":["23K09276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K09276"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Kakenhi","award":["23K16089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K16089"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral bacteria cause tooth caries and periodontal disease. Much research is being conducted to prevent both major oral diseases by rendering dental materials\u2019 antimicrobial potential. However, such antimicrobial materials are regarded as \u2018combination\u2019 products and face high hurdles for regulatory approval. We loaded inorganic montmorillonite with the antimicrobial agent cetylpyridinium chloride, referred to below as \u2018CPC-Mont\u2019. CPC-Mont particles in a 1, 3 and 5 wt% concentration were added to the considered gold-standard self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond 2 (\u2018CSE2\u2019; Kuraray Noritake) to render its antibacterial potential (CSE2 without CPC-Mont served as control). Besides measuring (immediate) bonding effectiveness and (aged) bond durability to dentin, the antibacterial activity against S. mutans and the polymerization-conversion rate was assessed. Immediate and aged bond strength was not affected by 1 and 3 wt% CPC-Mont addition, while 5 wt% CPC-Mont significantly lowered bond strength and bond durability. The higher the concentration of the antimicrobial material added, the stronger the antimicrobial activity. Polymerization conversion was not affected by the CPC-Mont addition in any of the three concentrations. Hence, adding 3 wt% CPC-Mont to the two-step self-etch adhesive rendered additional antimicrobial potential on top of its primary bonding function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17174368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T04:28:28Z","timestamp":1725424108000},"page":"4368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibacterial Dental Adhesive Containing Cetylpyridinium Chloride Montmorillonite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yohei","family":"Okazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiichi","family":"Nakamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7673-4295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenmin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mercelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Science, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukinori","family":"Maruo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Van Meerbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumiko","family":"Yoshihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8","article-title":"Oral diseases: A global public health challenge","volume":"20","author":"Peres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-022-00167-3","article-title":"Expert consensus on dental caries management","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519837252","article-title":"A Century of Change towards Prevention and Minimal Intervention in Cariology","volume":"98","author":"Innes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03268-7","article-title":"Secondary caries: What is it, and how it can be controlled, detected, and managed?","volume":"24","author":"Askar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanni, P., Curtis, D.A., Kao, R.T., and Lin, G.H. (2022). The Pattern of Tooth Loss for Periodontally Favorable Teeth: A Retrospective Study. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111664"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13796","article-title":"Present status and future directions: The restoration of root filled teeth","volume":"55","author":"Mannocci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramburrun, P., Pringle, N.A., Dube, A., Adam, R.Z., D\u2019Souza, S., and Aucamp, M. (2021). Recent Advances in the Development of Antimicrobial and Antifouling Biocompatible Materials for Dental Applications. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123167"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.08.155","article-title":"A systematic review about antibacterial monomers used in dental adhesive systems: Current status and further prospects","volume":"31","author":"Cocco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7064","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12488","article-title":"Review of Antimicrobial Nanocoatings in Medicine and Dentistry: Mechanisms of Action, Biocompatibility Performance, Safety, and Benefits Compared to Antibiotics","volume":"17","author":"Butler","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-4-200402170-00012","article-title":"Medical device regulation: An introduction for the practicing physician","volume":"140","author":"Maisel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S425024","article-title":"The Classification and Selection of Adhesive Agents; an Overview for the General Dentist","volume":"15","author":"Arandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2012.02.003","article-title":"Antibacterial resin monomers based on quaternary ammonium and their benefits in restorative dentistry","volume":"48","author":"Imazato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.06.011","article-title":"Effectiveness of adhesive containing MDPB: A practice-based clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Hollanders","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Zhang, L., Bai, R., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, Y., Yu, T., Peng, L., Xin, T., Chen, S., and Han, B. (2021). Recent Progress in Antimicrobial Strategies for Resin-Based Restoratives. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13101590"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517709739","article-title":"Developing a New Generation of Antimicrobial and Bioactive Dental Resins","volume":"96","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.12.001","article-title":"Functional fillers for dental resin composites","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00591","article-title":"Remineralization, Regeneration, and Repair of Natural Tooth Structure: Influences on the Future of Restorative Dentistry Practice","volume":"5","author":"Haridy","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.045","article-title":"Rechargeable anti-microbial adhesive formulation containing cetylpyridinium chloride montmorillonite","volume":"100","author":"Matsuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2019.12.002","article-title":"Development of tissue conditioner containing cetylpyridinium chloride montmorillonite as new antimicrobial agent: Pilot study on antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility","volume":"64","author":"Naoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.10.009","article-title":"Novel composite cement containing the anti-microbial compound CPC-Montmorillonite","volume":"38","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, September 01). Medical Device Package Insert of Tisue Conditioner CPC. Available online: https:\/\/www.pmda.go.jp\/PmdaSearch\/kikiDetail\/ResultDataSetPDF\/784906_23000BZX00294000_A_01_01."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.03.015","article-title":"Effect of air-blowing duration on the bond strength of current one-step adhesives to dentin","volume":"33","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12009","article-title":"Influence of ageing on self-etch adhesives: One-step vs. two-step systems","volume":"121","author":"Marchesi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.09.013","article-title":"Concentration effect of DMSO-dry bonding on the stability of etch-and-rinse bonds","volume":"39","author":"Ismail","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104568","article-title":"The effect of an extra hydrophobic resin layer on the bond strength and durability of one-step universal adhesives used as a primer","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2008.08.012","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of bactericide immobilized in resin matrix","volume":"25","author":"Namba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04953-z","article-title":"Preprocedural mouthwashes for infection control in dentistry\u2014An update","volume":"27","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otsubo, S., Nakanishi, K., Fukukawa, K., Endo, R., Yoshida, S., Matsumoto, A., Yoshihara, K., Akasaka, T., Hasebe, A., and Yoshida, Y. (2023). Development of Autopolymerizing Resin Material with Antimicrobial Properties Using Montmorillonite and Nanoporous Silica. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020544"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornazari, I.A., Brum, R.T., Rached, R.N., and de Souza, E.M. (2020). Reliability and correlation between microshear and microtensile bond strength tests of composite repairs. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103607"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"289","article-title":"Long-term durability of resin dentin interface: Nanoleakage vs. microtensile bond strength","volume":"27","author":"Okuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effect of long-term water aging on microtensile bond strength of self-etch adhesives to dentin","volume":"23","author":"Abdalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.03.010","article-title":"The pursuit of resin-dentin bond durability: Simultaneous enhancement of collagen structure and polymer network formation in hybrid layers","volume":"37","author":"Stape","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721906","article-title":"Aging Methods\u2014An Evaluation of Their Influence on Bond Strength","volume":"15","author":"Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.09.010","article-title":"Effects of different artificial ageing methods on the degradation of adhesive-dentine interfaces","volume":"42","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1039\/C1JM14211A","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and ocular biocompatibility of potential keratoprosthetic hydrogels based on photopolymerized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-poly(acrylic acid)","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/17\/4368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:48:17Z","timestamp":1760111297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/17\/4368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17174368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17174368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]}}}