{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T21:48:28Z","timestamp":1782510508153,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Core Program of the National Institute of Material Physics","award":["PC2-PN23080202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC2-PN23080202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ca- and Cu-decorated TiO2 microparticles are titanium dioxide nanoparticles that have been decorated with calcium and copper ions. TiO2, CaO, and CuO are low-cost, non-toxic, and non-hazardous materials. The aim of the present study was the physicochemical characterization of Ca- and Cu-decorated TiO2 microparticles and the evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. Thus, Ca2+ and Cu2+ species were incorporated onto TiO2 surfaces by a two-step wet method. The obtained TiO2-CaO-CuO composites were characterized by several experimental techniques. The electronic structure and charge properties of the composites were investigated by density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, the composites were successfully tested for inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans standard strains. The zeta potential data indicate that the physiological condition of investigated microbial strains was strongly affected in presence of a dispersion of 10 \u03bcg\/L of composites in a saline phosphate buffer also, the recorded SEM images show a damaged microbial cell surface in the presence of composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1726136127000},"page":"4483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physicochemical Characterization of Ca- and Cu-Decorated TiO2 Microparticles and Investigation of Their Antimicrobial Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3390-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea","family":"Neacsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry \u201cIlie Murgulescu\u201d, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3910-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viorel","family":"Chihaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry \u201cIlie Murgulescu\u201d, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4938-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan","family":"Bucuresteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intr. Portocalelor 1\u20133, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Ficai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana Doina","family":"Trusca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials and National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Indendentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4207-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile-Adrian","family":"Surdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1\u20137, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8400-6351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adela","family":"Nicolaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Cojocaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4\u201312 Regina Elisabeta Av., 030018 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Ionita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1\u20137, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4141-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan","family":"Calinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1\u20137, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viorica","family":"Parvulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry \u201cIlie Murgulescu\u201d, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia-Mara","family":"Ditu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intr. Portocalelor 1\u20133, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/open.201900133","article-title":"From Synthesis to Applications: Copper Calcium Titanate (CCTO) and its Magnetic and Photocatalytic Properties","volume":"8","author":"Kawrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemistryOpen"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"429","article-title":"Mechanochemical synthesis of CaTiO3 from CaCO3\u2013TiO2 mixture","volume":"53","author":"Brankovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucuresteanu, R., Ionita, M., Chihaia, V., Ficai, A., Trusca, R.-D., Ilie, C.-I., Kuncser, A., Holban, A.-M., Mihaescu, G., and Petcu, G. (2022). Antimicrobial Properties of TiO2 Microparticles Coated with Ca- and Cu-Based Composite Layers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136888"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojciechowski, K., Gutarowicz, M., Mierzejewska, J., and Parzuchowski, P. (2019). Antimicrobial films of poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate) and its copolymers doped with TiO2 and CaCO3. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 185.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.110605"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuppusamy, M., Kim, S.-W., Lee, K.-P., Jo, Y.J., and Kim, W.-J. (2024). Development of TiO2\u2013CaCO3 Based Composites as an Affordable Building Material for the Photocatalytic Abatement of Hazardous NOx from the Environment. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14020136"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, S., Ding, H., and Hou, X. (2018). Preparation of CaCO3\u2013TiO2 Composite Particles and Their Pigment Properties. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11071131"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S1674-4799(09)60102-3","article-title":"Preparation of calcium carbonate particles coated with titanium dioxide","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ding, H. (2014, January 20\u201324). Preparation and Mechanism of Calcium Carbonate\/Titanium Dioxide Composites by Mechano-chemical Method. Proceedings of the XXVII International Mineral Processing Congress 2014, Santiago, Chile."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2015.05.039","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of calcium carbonate\u2013titanium dioxide core\u2013shell (CaCO3@TiO2) nanoparticles and application in the papermaking industry","volume":"283","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"331","article-title":"Low Carbon Footprint TiO2 Substitutes in Paint: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Ruszala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11575","DOI":"10.1021\/ie4011595","article-title":"Portland Cement Paste Modified by TiO2 Nanoparticles: A Microstructure Perspective","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamantopoulos, G., Katsiotis, M., Fardis, M., Karatasios, I., Alhassan, S., Karagianni, M., Papavassiliou, G., and Hassan, J. (2020). The Role of Titanium Dioxide on the Hydration of Portland Cement: A Combined NMR and Ultrasonic Study. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225364"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2017.09.013","article-title":"Bifunctional CuO\/TiO2 nanocomposite as nanofiller for improved corrosion resistance and antibacterial protection","volume":"114","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.08.196","article-title":"Biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and antibacterial activity of TiO2\/CuO coating on titanium","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-009-0165-y","article-title":"The Role of Cu(I) Species for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Over CuOx\/TiO2","volume":"133","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146588","article-title":"Synergy of Cu2+\u2013Cu(OH)2\u2013CuO with TiO2 coatings, fabricated via plasma electrolytic Oxidation: Insights into the multifaceted mechanism governing visible light-driven photodegradation of tetracycline","volume":"476","author":"Bahramian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saber, D., El-Aziz, K.A., Felemban, B.F., Alghtani, A.H., Ali, H.T., Ahmed, E.M., and Megahed, M. (2022). Characterization and performance evaluation of Cu-based\/TiO2 nano composites. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10616-y"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.527","article-title":"Influence of different concentrations of titanium dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles on water sorption and solubility of heat-cured PMMA denture base resin","volume":"8","author":"Giti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1524\/zkri.220.5.567.65075","article-title":"First principles methods using CASTEP","volume":"220","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Z. Kristallogr. Krist."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073005","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.102.073005","article-title":"Accurate Molecular Van Der Waals Interactions from Ground-State Electron Density and Free-Atom Reference Data","volume":"102","author":"Tkatchenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1676569","article-title":"Rutile: Normal Probability Plot Analysis and Accurate Measurement of Crystal Structure","volume":"55","author":"Abrahams","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.15251\/DJNB.2023.183.1105","article-title":"CuO\/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst for efficient MO degradation","volume":"18","author":"Mohd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Bios."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, S., Wang, H., Zhu, J., Li, L., Long, D., Jian, Y., and Zeng, Y. (2019). Heterostructure Cu2O\/(001)TiO Effected on Photocatalytic Degradation of Ammonia of Livestock Houses. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal9030267"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(94)90983-0","article-title":"An approximation of the Voigt I profile for the fitting of experimental x-ray absorption data","volume":"345","author":"Teodorescu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A\u2014Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2007.04.156","article-title":"On the hydrophilicity of nitrogen-doped TiO2 thin films","volume":"601","author":"Mardare","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.740030506","article-title":"Empirical atomic sensitivity factors for quantitative analysis by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis","volume":"3","author":"Wagner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.12.022","article-title":"Effect of carrier concentration on the optical band gap of TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"92","author":"Munir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Design."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/2228-5326-3-25","article-title":"Defect generation, d-d transition, and band gap reduction in Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Choudhury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)19588-5","article-title":"Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of TiO2 Nanoparticles for Photochemical Oxidation of Concentrated Chlorophenols under Direct Solar Radiation","volume":"7","author":"Kadhum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.09.041","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite coating on titanium substrate with titania buffer layer processed by sol\u2013gel method","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11386","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201000267","article-title":"Probing surface sites of TiO2: Reactions with [HRe(CO)5] and [CH3Re(CO)5]","volume":"16","author":"Gates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"271","article-title":"Cement hydration with zeolite-based additive","volume":"24","author":"Sasnauskas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemija"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00487","article-title":"Power of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies to Characterize Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks and Investigate Their Interaction with Guest Molecules","volume":"121","author":"Hadjiivanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podobi\u0144ski, J., Gackowski, M., Mordarski, G., Samson, K., \u015aliwa, M., Rutkowska-Zbik, D., and Datka, J. (2021). The Properties of Cu Ions in Zeolites CuY Studied by IR Spectroscopy. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154686"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.10.023","article-title":"Influence of Al2O3:TiO2 ratio on the structural and optical properties of TiO2\u2013Al2O3 nano-composite films produced by sol gel method","volume":"58","author":"Akkaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"305","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and application of TiO2 nanopowders as special paper coating pigment","volume":"4","author":"Morsy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1039\/B911426M","article-title":"1,3-Diamino-2-hydroxypropane-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetraacetic acid stabilized amorphous calcium carbonate: Nucleation, transformation and crystal growth","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryst. Eng. Comm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.20884\/1.jm.2019.14.2.570","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2\u2013CaO and TiO2\u2013CaO\u2013Fe2O3 Photocatalyst for Removal of Catechol","volume":"14","author":"Tahya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molekul"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"11","article-title":"Raman and FTIR studies of some sol\u2013gel based glasses in the ZnO\u2013TiO2\u2013SiO2 system","volume":"69","author":"Sava","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Bull. B Chem. Mater. Sci. UPB"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Aishah, S., and Hussin, R. (2015, January 3\u20135). Structural Studies of Calcium Titanate Phosphor Doped with Praseodymium Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy. Proceedings of the NTC 2015: Nuclear Technical Convention, Bangi, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020093","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4945547","article-title":"Crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a flowing system: Influence of Cu2+ additives on induction time and crystalline phase transformation","volume":"1725","author":"Usmany","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Philippopoulos, C.J., and Nikolaki, M.D. (2010). New Trends in Technologies, BlandnaRamov, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Wu, X. (2022). Titanium Dioxide\u2014Advances and Applications, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831524","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/831524","article-title":"Ti3+ in the Surface of Titanium Dioxide: Generation, Properties and Photocatalytic Application","volume":"2012","author":"Xiong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.02.119","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of TiO2 nanostructures prepared using different solvents","volume":"220","author":"Solaiyammal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.17576\/mjas-2016-2006-20","article-title":"Influence of highly concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) towards formation of highly ordered TIO2 nanotubes (TNT) structure","volume":"20","author":"Kamarudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malays. J. Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.02.156","article-title":"One-dimensional titanate nanostructures: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"27","author":"Djenadic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107500","article-title":"Effect of treated and untreated rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, and sugarcane bagasse ash on the mechanical, durability, and microstructure characteristics of blended concrete\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106008","article-title":"Producing C-S-H gel by reaction between silica oligomers and portlandite: A promising approach to repair cementitious materials","volume":"130","author":"Zarzuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9451","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA01789A","article-title":"Alkaline earth metal oxide nanocluster modification of rutile TiO2 (110) promotes water activation and CO2 chemisorption","volume":"6","author":"Nolan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucuresteanu, R., Ditu, L.-M., Ionita, M., Calinescu, I., Raditoiu, V., Cojocaru, B., Cinteza, L.O., Curutiu, C., Holban, A.M., and Enachescu, M. (2021). Preliminary Study on Light-Activated Antimicrobial Agents as Photocatalytic Method for Protection of Surfaces with Increased Risk of Infections. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185307"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"351","article-title":"Synthesis and study of sodium hydroxi-cuprate: Na2Cu(OH)4 and copper hydroxide: Cu(OH)2","volume":"25","author":"Cudennec","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2017.03.012","article-title":"The solubility of crystalline cupric oxide in aqueous solution from 25 \u00b0C to 400 \u00b0C","volume":"114","author":"Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3213-7","article-title":"Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: Spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity","volume":"90","author":"Foster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petcu, G., Ciobanu, E.M., Paun, G., Neagu, E., Baran, A., Trica, B., Neacsu, A., Atkinson, I., Bucuresteanu, R., and Badaluta, A. (2024). Hybrid Materials Obtained by Immobilization of Biosynthesized Ag Nanoparticles with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074003"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.11.018","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of photocatalysts: Fundamentals, mechanisms, kinetics and recent advances","volume":"225","author":"Ganguly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preiss, L., Hicks, D.B., Suzuki, S., Meier, T., and Krulwich, T.A. (2015). Alkaliphilic Bacteria with Impact on Industrial Applications, Concepts of Early Life Forms, and Bioenergetics of ATP Synthesis. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00075"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/18\/4483\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:54:55Z","timestamp":1760111695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/18\/4483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17184483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17184483","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]}}}