{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:40:03Z","timestamp":1783798803730,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, Germany","award":["150163A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["150163A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oxide layer development of X6CrNiNb18-10 (AISI 347) during exposure to high-temperature water has been investigated. Stainless steels are known to form a dual oxide layer in corrosive environments. The secondary Fe-rich oxide layer has no significant protective effect. In contrast, the primary Cr-rich oxide layer is known to reach a stabilized state, protecting the base metal from further oxidation. This study\u2019s purpose was to determine the development of oxide layer dimensions over exposure time using SEM, TEM and EDX line scans. While a parabolic development of Cr in the protective primary layer and Fe in the secondary layer was observed, the dimensions of the Ni layer remained constant. Ni required the presence of a pronounced Fe-rich secondary layer before being able to reside on the outer secondary layer. With increasing immersion time, the Ni element fraction surpassed the Cr element fraction in the secondary layer. Oxide growth on the secondary layer could be observed. After 480 h, nearly the entire surface was covered by the outer oxide layer. In the metal matrix, no depletion of Cr or Ni could be observed over time; however, an increased presence of Cr and Ni in the primary layer was found at the expense of Fe content. The Nb-stabilized stainless steel was subject to the formation of Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), with the quantity and magnitude of element fraction increasing over exposure time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T06:39:16Z","timestamp":1726209556000},"page":"4500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation of Oxide Layer Development of X6CrNiNb18-10 Stainless Steel Exposed to High-Temperature Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6704-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Veile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Testing Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Hirpara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstra\u00dfe 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2292-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Lackmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Testing Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Weihe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Testing Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1613945","article-title":"A proposal of fatigue life correction factor Fen for austenitic stainless steels in LWR water environments","volume":"125","author":"Higuchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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