{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:44:07Z","timestamp":1783439047959,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analysed the strengthening process of a classical steel\u2013concrete composite beam. The beam consisted of a reinforced concrete slab connected by shear studs to an IPE steel profile. The key idea was that the composite beam was strengthened under load. This process simulated an actual reinforced structure that is always subjected to dead loads, with possible service loads. This study assumed that strengthening was implemented to increase the load-carrying capacity and stiffness, not as a way for simulation a repair. The strengthening consisted of expanding the steel part of the beam by welding an additional plate to the bottom flange of the IPE profile. This study included the results of numerical analyses conducted in Abaqus software and lab results. A three-dimensional numerical model was created, taking into account the non-linear behaviour of concrete and steel, the susceptibility of the composite at the joint plane, and the residual stresses created during welding. A full-scale strengthening of the composite beams under load was carried out. Comparison of the results obtained in the experimental tests and numerical analyses showed a very high convergence of the results, as well as in terms of the non-linear operation of steel and concrete. This confirmed the validity of the created numerical model, which can be the basis for further research into the process of optimal strengthening of composite elements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T11:29:59Z","timestamp":1726226999000},"page":"4510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Study of Steel\u2013Concrete Composite Beams Strengthened under Load"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2707-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Szewczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. 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