{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:33:39Z","timestamp":1792546419156,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous casting is the most common method for producing steel into semi-finished shapes like billets or slabs. Throughout this process, steel experiences mechanical and thermal stresses, which influence its mechanical properties. During continuous casting, decreased formability in steel components leads to crack formation and failure. One reason for this phenomenon is the appearance of the soft ferrite phase during cooling. However, it is unclear under which conditions this ferrite is detrimental to the formability. In the present research, we investigated what microstructural changes decrease the formability of microalloyed steels during continuous casting. We studied the hot compression behaviour of microalloyed steel over temperatures ranging from 650 \u00b0C to 1100 \u00b0C and strain rates of 0.1 s\u22121 to 0.001 s\u22121 using a Gleeble 3800\u00ae (Dynamic Systems Inc, Poestenkill, NY, USA) device. We examined microstructural changes at various deformation conditions using microscopy. Furthermore, we implemented a physically-based model to describe the deformation of austenite and ferrite. The model describes the work hardening and dynamic restoration mechanisms, i.e., discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation in austenite and dynamic recovery in ferrite and austenite. The model considers the stress, strain, and strain rate distribution between phases by describing the dynamic phase transformation during the deformation in iso-work conditions. Increasing the strain rate below the transformation temperature improves hot ductility by reducing dynamic recovery and strain concentration in ferrite. Due to limited grain boundary sliding, the hot ductility improves at lower temperatures (&lt;750 \u00b0C). In the single-phase domain, dynamic recrystallisation improves the hot ductility provided that fracture occurs at strains in which dynamic recrystallisation advances. However, at very low strain rates, the ductility decreases due to prolonged time for grain boundary sliding and crack propagation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:36:37Z","timestamp":1726486597000},"page":"4551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Influence of Thermomechanical Conditions on the Hot Ductility of Continuously Cast Microalloyed Steels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9725-4987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saham Sadat","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming at Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24\/I, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0622-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Bakhtiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming at Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24\/I, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"K1-MET GmbH, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6163-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Shahryari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming at Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24\/I, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6854-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christof","family":"Sommitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming at Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24\/I, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4776-920X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cecilia","family":"Poletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming at Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24\/I, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Design of High-Performance Alloys by Thermomechanical Processing, Kopernikusgasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1179\/095066009X12572530170624","article-title":"Hot ductility of steels and its relationship to the problem of transverse cracking in continuous casting","volume":"55","author":"Mintz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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