{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:26:58Z","timestamp":1790800018503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Saudi National Institute of Health","award":["SNIH-RO-HRT01-2302-KSU-36584095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNIH-RO-HRT01-2302-KSU-36584095"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A major disadvantage of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic resins is susceptibility to biofilm accumulation. The incorporation of antimicrobial agents is a reliable prevention technique. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of incorporating dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and\/or 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) into heat-polymerized (HP) and 3D-printed (3DP) denture base materials on the flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and surface hardness. Methods: DMAHDM and\/or MPC were mixed with the acrylic resin liquid of a heat-polymerized (ProBase Hot) and a 3D printed (NextDent Denture 3D) material at mass fractions of 1.5% and 3% and a combination of 3% MPC and 1.5% DMAHDM. Results: Significant differences in mechanical properties between the control and experimental groups have been detected (p-value &lt; 0.0001). In HP materials, the addition of DMAHDM and\/or MPC generally decreased the flexural strength, from (151.18 MPa) in G1 down to (62.67 MPa) in G5, and surface hardness, from (18.05 N\/mm2) down to (10.07 N\/mm2) in G5. Conversely, in 3DP materials, flexural strength was slightly enhanced, from (58.22 MPa) in G1 up to (62.76 MPa) in G6, although surface hardness was consistently reduced, from (13.57 N\/mm2) down to (5.29 N\/mm2) in G5. Conclusion: It is recommended to carefully optimize the concentrations of DMAHDM and\/or MPC to maintain mechanical integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T10:49:48Z","timestamp":1726829388000},"page":"4625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Effect of Incorporating Dimethylaminohexadecyl Methacrylate and\/or 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine on Flexural Strength and Surface Hardness of Heat Polymerized and 3D-Printed Denture Base Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Njood F.","family":"AlAzzam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 60169-15, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa O.","family":"Bajunaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 60169-15, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3877-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba A.","family":"Mitwalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 60169-15, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashayer H.","family":"Baras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 60169-15, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hockin H. K.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2013.07.005","article-title":"Three-dimensional processing deformation of three denture base materials","volume":"110","author":"Artopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2018.01.032","article-title":"Adhesive evaluation of three types of resilient denture liners bonded to heat-polymerized, autopolymerized, or CAD-CAM acrylic resin denture bases","volume":"120","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. 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