{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T08:09:19Z","timestamp":1786867759451,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52178119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To study the performance of lightweight foamed concrete (LWFC) in widened embankments of high-speed railways, this study first conducted numerous strength, permeability, and water immersion tests to investigate the mechanical properties and water resistance of LWFC with designed dry densities of 550, 600, and 650 kg\/m3. Secondly, a field test was performed to analyze the behavior of the deformation and the internal pressure within the LWFC-filled portions. Furthermore, a parametric study via numerical modeling was performed to investigate the effects of four key factors on the performance of the LWFC-filled, widened embankments. Results showed that LWFC possesses adequate bearing capacity and impermeability to meet high-speed railway embankment widening requirements. However, water seepage reduces LWFC strength. The additional pressure from LWFC filling increases initially but then decreases once dehydration occurs. The settlement induced by LWFC accounted for 71% of the total filling height, which is only 37.5% of the total settlement after construction. The parametric study results show that the maximum settlement of widened and existing portions induced by LWFC was 46.3\u201349.6% and 48.3\u201353.2% of those induced by traditional fillers due to the LWFC\u2019s lower density as well as their better self-supporting ability. Making an appropriate reduction in the thickness of the retain wall installed against the LWFC-filled widened embankment of the high-speed railway generates a few variations in the lateral deformation of the wall. Furthermore, the effects of the pile offset on the deformation of the LWFC-filled embankment were more sensitive compared to the diameter of the piles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:54:13Z","timestamp":1727168053000},"page":"4642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Study on Lightweight-Foamed-Concrete-Filled Widened Embankment of High-Speed Railway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Didi","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shisheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoqiao","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brother Andrew Gonzalez FSC College of Education, De La Salle University, Manila 0920, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deschamps, R., and Hynes, C. (1999). Embankment Widening Design Guidelines and Construction Procedures, Purdue University. FHWA\/IN\/JTRP-99\/4.","DOI":"10.5703\/1288284313202"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ling, J., Qian, J., and Huang, Q. (2003). New Technologies of Subgrade Widening for Highways, Changsha Science and Technology University."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.19.00024","article-title":"A case study on geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported widened highway embankment","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ding, S., Luo, Z., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Method for Realizing Road Construction for Road Widening Building Continuous Traffic Foam Lifting Widening Embankment, Involves Constructing Fixed Cantilever Slab, Constructing Guardrail, and Widening Roadbed on Other Side, Hubei Road & Bridge Group Co Ltd."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Huang, J., and Porbaha, A. (2005, January 24\u201326). 2D numerical modeling of a constructed geosynthetic-reinforced embankment over deep mixed columns. Proceedings of the Geo-Frontiers 2005, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/40777(156)13"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2007.01.006","article-title":"Numerical analysis of foundation columns to support widening of embankments","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"13","article-title":"Numerical simulation on differential settlement of jointing of new and old roadbed","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"47","article-title":"Investigation of road widening on soft soils using a small centrifuge","volume":"1462","author":"Allersma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.11.00026","article-title":"Use of recycled and secondary aggregates in foamed concretes","volume":"64","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-023-02405-9","article-title":"Analysis of the Importance of the Filling Material Characteristics Injected Around the Precast Concrete Lining in the Microtunnelling Technology","volume":"41","author":"Benato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:1(44)","article-title":"Numerical analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported earth platforms over soft soil","volume":"128","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.14.00019","article-title":"Benefits of geosynthetic reinforcement in widening of embankments subjected to foundation differential settlement","volume":"21","author":"Miao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-017-2469-3","article-title":"Study on subgrade settlement characteristics after widening project of highway built on weak foundation","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06019014","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002157","article-title":"Performance of geogrid-reinforced and PTC pile-supported embankment in a highway widening project over soft soils","volume":"145","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05018006","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002016","article-title":"Effect of open-ended PHC pile installation during embankment widening on the surrounding soil","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2014.11.002","article-title":"Displacements of column-supported embankments over soft clay after widening considering soil consolidation and column layout: Numerical analysis","volume":"54","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2020.10.013","article-title":"Combined vacuum and surcharge preloading method to improve lianyungang soft marine clay for embankment widening project: A case","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Yang, C.Z., and Wan, W.J. (2011, January 23\u201324). Finite Element Analysis on High Embankment of Widened Road. Proceedings of the MEIME 2011, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2316","article-title":"Experimental study of soil arching of geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported widening embankment","volume":"34","author":"Miao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Tao, F., Han, J., Ye, G., and Liu, L. (2020, January 25\u201328). Numerical analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments subjected to different surface loads. Proceedings of the Geo-Congress 2020: Engineering, Monitoring, and Management of Geotechnical Infrastructure, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482797.008"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2018.1461869","article-title":"Numerical analysis for widening embankments over soft soils treated by PVD and DJM columns","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-009-0142-z","article-title":"Comparison between responses of reinforced and unreinforced embankments due to road widening","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"31","article-title":"Deformation characteristics of widen subgrade settlement with pipe pile treatment","volume":"32","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chang\u2019an Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.15.00033","article-title":"Laboratory study on the use of EPS-block geofoam for embankment widening","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Othman, R., Jaya, R.P., Muthusamy, K., Sulaiman, M., Duraisamy, Y., Abdullah, M.M.A.B., Przybyl, A., Sochacki, W., Skrzypczak, T., and Vizureanu, P. (2021). Relation between Density and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14112967"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.L., Oh, C.H., Lim, M.H., and Lee, F.W. (2018, January 3\u20135). Engineering properties of foamed concrete containing water repellent. Proceedings of the International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (ICCEE 2018), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20186502005"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amran, M., Fediuk, R., Vatin, N., Huei Lee, Y., Murali, G., Ozbakkaloglu, T., Klyuev, S., and Alabduljabber, H. (2020). Fibre-Reinforced Foamed Concretes: A Review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13194323"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123128","article-title":"Physico-mechanical, durability and thermal properties of basalt fiber reinforced foamed concrete containing waste marble powder and slag","volume":"288","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2015). Ministry of Transport of the People\u2019s Republic of China (MTPRC) (Standard No. JTG D30\u20132015)."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"288","article-title":"Study on deformation characteristics of widened roadbed of Qinghai-tibet railway","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2011). Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Foamed Concrete (Standard No. JG\/T266\u20142011)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118897","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analyses of lightweight foamed concrete as filler for widening embankment","volume":"250","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2015). Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. Technical Specification for Foamed Mixture Lightweight Soil Filling Engineering (Standard No. CJJ T177-2012)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.122","article-title":"Experimental study on use of lightweight foam concrete as subgrade bed filler of ballastless track","volume":"149","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-013-0285-9","article-title":"Numerical analysis of a pile-slab-supported railway embankment","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2015). Code for Design of High Speed Railway. Standard No. TB 10621\u20142014."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"10","article-title":"Anchorage-reinforced technology for subgrade widening project of highways","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/1064119X.2010.532700","article-title":"Performance of cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported high-speed railway embankments over soft marine clay","volume":"29","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Georesourc. Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"33","article-title":"Study on Dynamic Response of Different Improvement Thickness of Subgrade Bed of Heavy Haul Railway","volume":"63","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Railw. Stand. Des."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/18\/4642\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:48Z","timestamp":1760112108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/18\/4642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17184642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17184642","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]}}}