{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:51:42Z","timestamp":1782355902621,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFB3207100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3207100"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022EJD009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022EJD009"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2042023kf1041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042023kf1041"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Strategic Scientist Training Plan","award":["2022YFB3207100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3207100"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Strategic Scientist Training Plan","award":["2022EJD009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022EJD009"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Strategic Scientist Training Plan","award":["2042023kf1041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042023kf1041"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022YFB3207100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3207100"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022EJD009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022EJD009"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2042023kf1041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042023kf1041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioresorbable magnesium-metal vascular stents are gaining popularity due to their biodegradable nature and good biological and mechanical properties. They are also suitable candidate materials for biodegradable stents. Due to the rapid degradation rate of Mg metal vascular scaffolds, a Mg\/Zn bilayer composite was formed by a number of means, such as magnetron sputtering and physical vapor deposition, thus delaying the degradation time of the Mg metal vascular scaffolds while providing good radial support for the stenotic vessels. However, the interlaminar compounds at the metal interface have an essential impact on the mechanical properties of the bi-material interface, especially the cracking and delamination of the Mg matrix Zn coating vascular stent in the radially expanded process layer. Intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are commonly found in dual-layer composites, such as Mg\/Zn composites and multi-layer structures. They are frequently overlooked in simulations aiming to predict mechanical properties. This paper analyses the interfacial failure processes and evolutionary mechanisms of interfacial fracture mechanics of a Mg\/Zn interface with an intermetallic compound layer between coated Zn and Mg matrix metallic vascular stents. The simulation results show that the fracture mode in the Mg\/Zn interface with an intermetallic compound involves typical ductile fracture under static tensile conditions. The dislocation line defects mainly occur on the side of the Mg, which induces the Mg\/Zn interfacial crack to expand along the interface into the pure Mg. The stress intensity factor and the critical strain energy release rate decrease as the intermetallic compound layer\u2019s thickness gradually increases, indicating that the intensity of stress and the force of the crack extending and expanding along the crack tip are weakened. The presence of intermetallic compounds at the interface can significantly strengthen the mechanical properties of the material interface and alleviate the crack propagation between the interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17194734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T11:40:27Z","timestamp":1727350827000},"page":"4734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evolution of Atomic-Level Interfacial Fracture Mechanics in Magnesium\u2013Zinc Compounds Used for Bioresorbable Vascular Stents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8219-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyue","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9177-4479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongyang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1683-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhang","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6033-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/854193","article-title":"Prognostic biomarkers in individuals with prevalent coronary heart disease","volume":"26","author":"Halim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhao, K., Bian, Y.-J., Liu, Y., and Xue, Y.-T. (2022). Risk factors for in-stent restenosis after coronary stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease: A retrospective observational study. Medicine, 101.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031707"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, N., Watson, N., Xu, Z., Chen, Y., Waterman, J., Sankar, J., and Zhu, D. (2014). In Vitro Biocompatibility and Endothelialization of Novel Magnesium-Rare Earth Alloys for Improved Stent Applications. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098674"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2015.12.018","article-title":"Bio-Adaption between Magnesium Alloy Stent and the Blood Vessel: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003","article-title":"Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review","volume":"27","author":"Staiger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"144","article-title":"A surface-eroding poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) coating for fully biodegradable magnesium-based stent applications: Toward better biofunction, biodegradation and biocompatibility","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.031","article-title":"Arginine-leucine based poly (ester urea urethane) coating forMg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy in cardiovascular stent applications","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.11.045","article-title":"Design and characterization of a novel biocorrodible iron-based drug-eluting coronary scaffold","volume":"91","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-5372(15)60025-X","article-title":"Modeling and Experimental Studies of Peeling of Polymer Coating for Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy Stents","volume":"43","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rare Met. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, A., Li, B., Lu, Y., Zhu, G., Xing, H., Shu, D., Sun, B., and Wang, J. (2017). Effect of Mg on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of the Continuously Hot-Dip Galvanizing Zn-Mg Coating. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10080980"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.12.289","article-title":"Effect of deposition temperature on microstructure, corrosion behavior and adhesion strength of Zn-Mg coatings on mild steel","volume":"739","author":"La","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.-H., Ko, K.-P., Hagio, T., Ichino, R., and Lee, M.-H. (2022). Effect of Zn-Mg interlayer on the corrosion resistance of multilayer Zn-based coating fabricated by physical vapor deposition process. Corros. Sci., 202.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2022.110330"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Qi, F., Zhang, D., and Ouyang, X. (2021). Effect of Zn film thickness on corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of WE43 alloy. Mater. Charact., 182.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.111570"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.calphad.2018.01.003","article-title":"Modified embedded-atom method interatomic potentials for pure Zn and Mg-Zn binary system","volume":"60","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calphad"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kresse, G., and Hafner, J. (1994). Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal\u2013amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium. Phys. Rev. B, 49.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.49.14251"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-0256(96)00008-0","article-title":"Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set","volume":"6","author":"Kresse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kresse, G., and Furthm\u00fcller, J. (1996). Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B, 54.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.11169"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bl\u00f6chl, P.E. (1994). Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B, 50.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.50.17953"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865","article-title":"Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple Phys","volume":"77","author":"Perdew","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2018.09.022","article-title":"Effects of Zn on <c + a> slip and grain boundary segregation of Mg alloys","volume":"160","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13538-023-01300-1","article-title":"Influence of Er\/Fe substitution on Mg-Zn nanoparticles\u2019 electromagnetic properties and applications","volume":"53","author":"Baburao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, C., Cai, X., Zhou, Z., Dong, F., Liu, S., and Gao, B. (2021). Effects of intermetallic compound layer thickness on the mechanical properties of silicon-copper interface. Mater. Des., 212.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.110251"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Wang, J., Wang, L., Zeng, X., and Jin, Z. (2022). Cluster Hardening Effects on Twinning in Mg-Zn-Ca Alloys. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12040693"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02614362","article-title":"A globally convergent version of the Polak-Ribiere conjugate gradient method","volume":"78","author":"Grippo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Math. Program. Ser. A B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jcph.1995.1039","article-title":"Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics","volume":"117","author":"Plimpton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stukowski, A. (2010). Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO-the Open Visualization Tool. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., 18.","DOI":"10.1088\/0965-0393\/18\/1\/015012"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1063\/1.437577","article-title":"Virial theorem and stress calculation in molecular dynamics","volume":"70","author":"Tsai","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/TDMR.2010.2068572","article-title":"Impact of near-surface thermal stresses on interfacial reliability of through-silicon Vias for 3-D interconnects","volume":"11","author":"Ryu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1080\/02533839.2004.9670927","article-title":"A mother-daughter-granddaughter mechanism of shear dominated intersonic crack motion along interfaces of dissimilar materials","volume":"27","author":"Buehler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chin. Inst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4011547","article-title":"Analysis of stresses and strains near end of a crack traversing a plate","volume":"24","author":"Irwin","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"163","article-title":"The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids","volume":"A221","author":"Griffith","year":"1921","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.07.011","article-title":"Improving the Young\u2019s modulus of Mg via alloying and compositing\u2014A short review","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2020.03.010","article-title":"Micromechanical simulations and experimental characteristics of randomly distributed carbon nanotubes reinforced Mg matrix composites","volume":"17","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Def. Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/19\/4734\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:04:19Z","timestamp":1760112259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/19\/4734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17194734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17194734","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]}}}