{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:30:11Z","timestamp":1773415811119,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Nonferrous Metals Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. Technology Project","award":["2023KJZX027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJZX027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes a highly alkaline low-grade copper oxide ore. Copper can be selectively leached out while other metals are retained. A thermodynamic model of the CuO-(NH4)2SO4-NH3-H2O system was established for the leaching of tenorite (CuO) under conditions of mass and charge conservation. MATLAB\u2019s fitting functions, along with the diff and solve functions, were used to calculate the optimal ammonia concentration and total copper ion concentration of tenorite under different ammonium sulfate concentrations. The effects of various ammonia\u2013ammonium salt solutions (ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride) on the copper leaching rate were investigated. Results show that under the conditions of an ammonia concentration of 1.2 mol\/L, an ammonia\u2013ammonium ratio of 2:1, a liquid\u2013solid ratio of 3:1, a temperature of 25 \u00b0C, and a leaching time of 4 h, the copper leaching rate from the ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride solutions reaches 70%, which is slightly higher than that of ammonium carbonate. Therefore, an ammonia\u2013ammonium sulfate system is selected for leaching low-grade copper oxide due to its lower corrosion to equipment compared to the chlorination system. The impact of this study on industrial applications includes the potential to find more sustainable and cost-effective methods for resource recovery. The industry can reduce its dependence on resources and mitigate its environmental impact. Readers engaged in low-grade oxidized copper research will benefit from this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17194821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T10:00:47Z","timestamp":1727690447000},"page":"4821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Leaching Thermodynamics of Low-Grade Copper Oxide Ore from [(NH4)2SO4]-NH3-H2O Solution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Faxin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Recycling of Nonferrous Metal Resources (Shenyang), Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuwei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganfeng","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Recycling of Nonferrous Metal Resources (Shenyang), Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuixia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Nonferrous Metal Innovation Research Institute (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 86 Ziguang Road, Zhongbei Industrial Park, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300380, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Nonferrous Metal Innovation Research Institute (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 86 Ziguang Road, Zhongbei Industrial Park, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300380, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Nonferrous Metal Innovation Research Institute (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 86 Ziguang Road, Zhongbei Industrial Park, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300380, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3422","article-title":"Review of development status of copper-cobalt mining in Congo","volume":"31","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. 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