{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:53Z","timestamp":1760146073507,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key research and development project of Shandong province in China","award":["2022CXGC020308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CXGC020308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the planar flow casting process of amorphous strips, the flow behavior of molten metal and the inclusion content in the crucible are crucial to the morphology and magnetic properties of the material. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the effects of non-immersed and immersed funnels, as well as various funnel structures, on the fluid flow and inclusion removal efficiency in the crucible by integrating numerical and physical models. The findings reveal that for the same pouring flow rate, the diameter of the liquid column in non-immersed pouring conditions is smaller than that of the funnel outlet, leading to a faster injection flow velocity. As a result, the melt in the crucible is subjected to severe impacts, accompanied by an increased possibility of slag entrapment. Conversely, immersed pouring substantially reduces the velocity of the molten metal at the funnel outlet, thereby extending the residence time in the crucible and diminishing the volume of the dead zone. Additionally, the molten metal backflows due to the negative pressure formed in the inner chamber of the funnel. The design of a trumpet-shaped funnel increases the effective volume while reducing the height of the backflow fluid, consequently reducing the velocity of the molten metal at the funnel outlet and prolonging the residence time. Compared to the conventional pouring process with the non-immersed funnel, the outlet velocity is reduced from 1.1 m\/s to 0.12 m\/s by adopting the immersed funnel with an inverted trapezoidal trumpet structure. This reduction results in a stable flow state, a 9.69% reduction in the dead zone volume fraction, and a 22.96% increase in average inclusion removal efficiency. These improvements demonstrate that a crucible funnel with a well-designed structure and the implementation of an immersion process can significantly improve the metallurgical effects in the planar flow casting process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17194920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T07:39:52Z","timestamp":1728459592000},"page":"4920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Pouring Techniques and Funnel Structures on Crucible Metallurgy: Physical and Numerical Simulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenkang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Yunlu Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266232, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Yunlu Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266232, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Yunlu Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266232, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Yunlu Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266232, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2010.02.018","article-title":"Transient behavior of the planar-flow melt spinning process","volume":"65","author":"Theisen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. 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