{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:33:50Z","timestamp":1788924830542,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015860","name":"CHINA RAILWAY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2023J003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2023J003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuous increase in the operating speed of rail vehicles demands higher requirements for passive safety protection and lightweight design. This paper focuses on an energy-absorbing component (circular tubes) at the end of a train. Thin-walled carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) tubes were prepared using the filament winding process. Through a combination of sled impact tests and finite element simulations, the effects of a chamfered trigger (Tube I) and embedded trigger (Tube II) on the impact response and crashworthiness of the structure were investigated. The results showed that both triggering methods led to the progressive end failure of the tubes. Tube I exhibited a mean crush force (MCF) of 891.89 kN and specific energy absorption (SEA) of 38.69 kJ\/kg. In comparison, the MCF and SEA of Tube II decreased by 21.2% and 21.9%, respectively. The reason for this reduction is that the presence of the embedded trigger in Tube II restricts the expansion of the inner plies (plies 4 to 6), thereby affecting the overall energy absorption mechanism. Based on the validated finite element model, a modeling strategy study was conducted, including the failure parameters (DFAILT\/DFAILC), the friction coefficient, and the interfacial strength. It was found that the prediction results are significantly influenced by modeling methods. Specifically, as the interfacial strength decreases, the tube wall is more prone to circumferential cracking or overall buckling under axial impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17204970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T08:10:16Z","timestamp":1728634216000},"page":"4970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Axial Impact Response of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures in High-Speed Trains Based on Filament Winding Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aiqin","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266111, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanwei","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266111, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beichen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266111, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266111, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Locomotive & Car Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoune","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2023.2213225","article-title":"Numerical analysis on axial crushing damage of aluminum\/CFRP hybrid thin-walled tubes","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. 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