{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:10Z","timestamp":1787028850051,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering","award":["43-392\/130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43-392\/130"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The issue of forming a reliable and stable structure of a crumb-rubber-modified binder is an important scientific and technical task. The authors supplemented existing concepts of the mechanism of effective interaction with rubber crumb by introducing a preliminary first stage: controlled partial physical destruction of rubber crumb\u2014producing rubber reclaim. Proposed physical methods of rubber crumb destruction include high shear force (roll mills), high temperature, and a plasticizing medium. The controllability and degree of devulcanization of rubber were determined by acetone-chloroform extraction in different time intervals. The degree of devulcanization of rubber in the rubber reclaim was found to be 22 \u00b1 0.24%, with stability over 14 days. It was found that the size of the particles of the rubber reclaim in the bitumen is less than 2 \u00b5m. The properties of the structure of the binder modified with rubber reclaim, characterizing the stability and sustainability, have been studied and established. The developed modified binders are stable in storage. Rheological parameters of the structure characterizing intermolecular interaction, such as shear stability for original and RTFOT-aged, modified bitumen, meet requirements of the state standard at test temperature 64 \u00b0C. The elastic structural component of the crumb-rubber-modified binder, as indicated by the relative irreversible deformation parameter J3,2, does not exceed 2.6 kPa (&lt;4.5 kPa) at 64 \u00b0C. Additionally, it was determined that the rheological structural parameter for fatigue resistance, which characterizes the durability of road pavement under intensive operational conditions, does not exceed 4699 kPa (&lt;5000 kPa) at 16 \u00b0C. The use of 10% rubber reclaim combined with waste frying oil provided the opportunity to obtain a modified binder with a stable and sustainable structure without the introduction of additional stabilizers and agents. Test results showed that the overall performance characteristics of the modified binder meet the 64(S)-40 grade standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17205091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:58:24Z","timestamp":1729504704000},"page":"5091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impacts of Waste Rubber Products on the Structure and Properties of Modified Asphalt Binder: Part II\u2014Rubber Reclaim"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4268-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Obukhova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Planning, Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow 129337, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5037-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelina","family":"Budkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Planning, Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow 129337, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Korolev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Educational Center \u201cNanomaterials and Nanotechnologies\u201d, National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow 129337, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1953-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitaly","family":"Gladkikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center \u00abMGSU Stroy-Test\u00bb, National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow 129337, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135694","article-title":"An overview of the engagement of higher education institutions in the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"386","author":"Salvia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113354","article-title":"Measurement and analysis of transport noise and vibration: A review of techniques, case studies, and future directions","volume":"220","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.47852\/bonviewAAES32021264","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Design Methods for Rigid and Flexible Pavement: A Case Study of Urban Road","volume":"2","author":"Ziar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Adv. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127076","article-title":"Renewable binders from waste biomass for road construction: A review on thermochemical conversion technologies and current developments","volume":"330","author":"Weir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s42947-020-0273-z","article-title":"A study on the suitability of solid waste materials in pavement construction: A review","volume":"14","author":"Vishnu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012104","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/634\/1\/012104","article-title":"Progress in combined modification of rubberized asphalt","volume":"634","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137452","article-title":"Resurface of rubber modified asphalt mixture with stress absorbing membrane interlayer: From laboratory to field application","volume":"441","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-022-01455-0","article-title":"A review on the crumb rubber-modified asphalt in the Middle East","volume":"24","author":"Badughaish","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142168","article-title":"Thermal effects on rheological characteristics and its evolution mechanism of bio-modified rubberized asphalt for sustainable road system: A focus on rubber particle size","volume":"452","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Optimizing the Physical Properties of Bitumen for Hot Areas with Recycled Additives","volume":"43","author":"Niazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2023.2287714","article-title":"Investigation of the rheological properties of devulcanized rubber-modified asphalt with different rubber devulcanization degrees and rubber contents","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pais, J.C., Poulikakos, L.D., De Maeijer, P.K., Sch\u00fcwer, N., Cavalli, M.C., Cannone Falchetto, A., Kakar, M.R., Blom, J., Tobler, M., and Perecmanis, M. (2023). Crumb Rubber Modified Binders. Valorisation of Waste and Secondary Materials for Roads: State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM TC 279-WMR, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-33173-2_3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220495","DOI":"10.1515\/eng-2022-0495","article-title":"Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber","volume":"14","author":"Musa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122248","article-title":"Effect of crumb rubber percentages and bitumen sources on high-temperature rheological properties of less smell crumb rubber modified bitumen","volume":"277","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, F., Lin, W., Chen, Z., Shen, T., and Hu, C. (2022). High-Temperature Rheological Properties of Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Asphalt. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14158999"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkenzheyeva, A., Haritonovs, V., Bussurmanova, A., Merijs-Meri, R., Imanbayev, Y., Riekstins, A., Serikbayeva, A., Sydykov, S., Aimova, M., and Mustapayeva, G. (2023). Study of the Viscoelastic and Rheological Properties of Rubber-Bitumen Binders Obtained from Rubber Waste. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16010114"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e02285","article-title":"Laboratory testing and field application of devulcanized rubber\/SBS composite modified asphalt","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kashesh, G.J., Joni, H.H., Dulaimi, A., and Kaishesh, A.J. Laboratory investigation on the performance of asphalt bitumen using recycled tyre rubber produced in Iraq. Mater. Today Proc., 2023. in press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.044","article-title":"Characterization of crumb tire rubber lightly pyrolyzed in waste cooking oil and the properties of its modified bitumen","volume":"195","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obukhova, S., Budkina, A., Korolev, E., and Gladkikh, V. (2024). Impacts of Waste Rubber Products on the Structure and Properties of Modified Asphalt Binder: Part I\u2014Crumb Rubber. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17194685"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3141\/2505-11","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidization of crumb rubber\u2013modified asphalt during short-term aging","volume":"2505","author":"Ghavibazoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Lu, G., Feng, S., Wen, X., and Yang, J. (2019). Characterization of Bitumen Modified with Pyrolytic Carbon Black from Scrap Tires. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11061631"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123820","article-title":"A review on compatibility between crumb rubber and asphalt binder","volume":"297","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.077","article-title":"Recent developments in the application of chemical approaches to rubberized asphalt","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-018-3684-2","article-title":"Physical, Rheological and Stability Properties of Desulfurized Rubber Asphalt and Crumb Rubber Asphalt","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"415246","article-title":"A review on the effect of crumb rubber addition to the rheology of crumb rubber modified bitumen","volume":"1","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"214612","article-title":"A review on using crumb rubber in reinforcement of asphalt pavement","volume":"1","author":"Mashaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/20\/5091\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:16:15Z","timestamp":1760112975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/20\/5091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17205091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17205091","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]}}}