{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:55:51Z","timestamp":1784141751469,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YDZJ202201ZYTS363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202201ZYTS363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lignin has long been regarded as waste, readily separated and discarded from the pulp and paper industry. However, as the most abundant aromatic renewable biopolymer in nature, lignin can replace petroleum resources to prepare chemicals containing benzene rings. Therefore, the high-value transformation of lignin has attracted the interest of both academia and industry. Nitrogen-containing compounds and functionalized materials are a class of compounds that have wide applications in chemistry, materials science, energy storage, and other fields. Converting lignin into nitrogenous chemicals and materials is a high-value utilization pathway. Currently, there is a large amount of literature exploring the conversion of lignin. However, a comprehensive review of the transformation of lignin to nitrogenous compounds is lacking. The research progress of lignin conversion to nitrogenous chemicals and functional materials is reviewed in this article. This article provides an overview of the chemical structure and types of industrial lignin, methods of lignin modification, as well as nitrogen-containing chemicals and functional materials prepared from various types of lignin, including their applications in wastewater treatment, slow-release fertilizer, adhesive, coating, and biomedical fields. In addition, the challenges and limitations of nitrogenous lignin-based materials encountered during the development of applications are also discussed. It is believed that this review will act as a key reference and inspiration for researchers in the biomass and material field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17205110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:58:24Z","timestamp":1729504704000},"page":"5110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Conversion of Lignin to Nitrogenous Chemicals and Functional Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw-Based Functional Materials, Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Process, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw-Based Functional Materials, Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-054X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Process, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117904","article-title":"Agricultural wastes: A practical and potential source for the isolation and preparation of cellulose and application in agriculture and different industries","volume":"208","author":"Riseh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202000455","article-title":"Research Progress in Lignin-Based Slow\/Controlled Release Fertilizer","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nad\u00e1nyi, R., H\u00e1z, A., Lisy, A., Jablonsky, M., Surina, I., Majov\u00e1, V., and Baco, A. (2022). Lignin Modifications, Applications, and Possible Market Prices. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15186520"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.116715","article-title":"Lignin to dispersants, adsorbents, flocculants and adhesives: A critical review on industrial applications of lignin","volume":"199","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC02872C","article-title":"Lignin-derived materials and their applications in rechargeable batteries","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2022.100687","article-title":"Triantafyllidis. Recent advances in epoxy resins and composites derived from lignin and related bio-oils","volume":"38","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7705","DOI":"10.1039\/D2GC00092J","article-title":"Lignin to value-added chemicals and advanced materials: Extraction, degradation, and functionalization","volume":"24","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcat.2023.113551","article-title":"A review of lignin-first reductive catalytic fractionation of lignocellulose","volume":"550","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Catal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-024-00836-3","article-title":"Transforming lignin into value-added products: Perspectives on lignin chemistry, lignin-based biocomposites, and pathways for augmenting ligninolytic enzyme production","volume":"7","author":"Rath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.267","article-title":"Application of lignin and lignin-based composites in different tissue engineering fields","volume":"222","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karagoz, P., Khiawjan, S., Marques, M.P.C., Santzouk, S., Bugg, T.D.H., and Lye, G.J. (2023). Pharmaceutical applications of lignin-derived chemicals and lignin-based materials: Linking lignin source and processing with clinical indication. Biomass Convers. Biorefin., 208.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-03745-5"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122460","article-title":"Recent advance on lignin-containing nanocelluloses: The key role of lignin","volume":"343","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02870C","article-title":"Guidelines for performing lignin-first biorefining","volume":"14","author":"Barta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2020.03.001","article-title":"Lignin Functionalization for the Production of Novel Materials","volume":"2","author":"Bertella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-062923-022602","article-title":"Enabling Lignin Valorization Through Integrated Advances in Plant Biology and Biorefining","volume":"75","author":"Dixon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00588","article-title":"Bright Side of Lignin Depolymerization: Toward New Platform Chemicals","volume":"118","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6675","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC02505H","article-title":"Hydrothermal amination of biomass to nitrogenous chemicals","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC02741G","article-title":"Lignin amination valorization: Heterogeneous catalytic synthesis of aniline and benzylamine from lignin-derived chemicals","volume":"23","author":"Rong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202204451","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202204451","article-title":"Mannich Reaction: Review of Amine-Functionalized Lignin Derivatives and Their Applications","volume":"8","author":"Jayaramudu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemistryselect"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"100367","article-title":"Valorization of lignin for renewable non-isocyanate polyurethanes: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2024.2335502","article-title":"The extraction of polyol for the synthesis of lignin-based polyurethane coatings\u2014A review","volume":"19","author":"Najafi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2024.112899","article-title":"Lignin derived polyurethanes: Current advances and future prospects in synthesis and applications","volume":"209","author":"Shafiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113510","article-title":"Lignin-based adsorbent materials for metal ion removal from wastewater: A review","volume":"167","author":"Santander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.265","article-title":"Lignin-based controlled release fertilizers: A review","volume":"222","author":"Abbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132832","article-title":"Novel fertilising products from lignin and its derivatives to enhance plant development and increase the sustainability of crop production","volume":"366","author":"Savy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.122116","article-title":"Application of lignin adsorbent in wastewater Treatment: A review","volume":"302","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2023.05.018","article-title":"Use of biopolymers in wastewater treatment: A brief review of current trends and prospects","volume":"64","author":"Elgarahy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.03.008","article-title":"Lignin utilization: A review of lignin depolymerization from various aspects","volume":"107","author":"Chio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155711","article-title":"Recent advance in preparation of lignin nanoparticles and their medical applications: A review","volume":"130","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, R., Dhar, P., Babaei-Ghazvini, A., Dafchahi, M.N., and Acharya, B. (2023). Transforming lignin into renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials: A review. Bioresour. Technol. Rep., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2023.101463"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-021-00311-5","article-title":"Lignin-based adsorbent for effective removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Ruthran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emergent Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300492","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202300492","article-title":"Kraft Lignin: A Valuable, Sustainable Resource, Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"16","author":"Argyropoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8524(94)90075-2","article-title":"Conversion of technical lignins into slow-release nitrogenous fertilizers by ammoxidation in liquid-phase","volume":"49","author":"Meier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.10148","article-title":"Ammoxidation of straw-pulp alkaline lignin by hydrogen peroxide","volume":"25","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Prog."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"68","article-title":"A study on the structure of ammoxidative lignin","volume":"22","author":"Ling","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nanjing For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"191072","article-title":"Mannich Bases: An Important Pharmacophore in Present Scenario","volume":"2014","author":"Suman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.076","article-title":"Amination of biorefinery technical lignin by Mannich reaction for preparing highly efficient nitrogen fertilizer","volume":"127","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.049","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of aminated lignin","volume":"59","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.11.035","article-title":"Modification of industrial softwood kraft lignin using Mannich reaction with and without phenolation pretreatment","volume":"52","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6471","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.16.3.Suota","article-title":"Lignin Functionalization Strategies and the Potential Applications of Its Derivatives-A Review","volume":"16","author":"Suota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1081\/MC-120004764","article-title":"Modification of lignin","volume":"C42","author":"Meister","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunton, C.A., Hughes, E.D., Ingold, C.K., Jacobs, D.I.H., and Reed, R.I. (1950). Kinetics and mechanism of aromatic nitration. Part VI. The nitration of phenols and phenolic ethers: The concomitant dealkylation of phenolic ethers. The role of nitrous acid. J. Chem. Soc., 2628\u20132656.","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9500002628"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022128130251","article-title":"Nitration of lignin and sorptive properties of the resulting products","volume":"38","author":"Khvan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113757","article-title":"Oxidative depolymerization of lignin using nitric acid under ambient conditions","volume":"170","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11172-016-1679-2","article-title":"Nitration of sulfate lignin under homogeneous conditions studied by electron spectroscopy","volume":"65","author":"Khabarov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20666","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202105973","article-title":"Sustainable Production of Benzylamines from Lignin","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2023.05.030","article-title":"Single-step conversion of wood lignin into amines","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.checat.2023.100781","article-title":"Improve value for lignin-first strategy: Producing functional molecules from wood biomass","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Catal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-9040(07)60103-2","article-title":"Studies on a cationically modified quaternary ammonium salt of lignin","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Chin. Univ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7743","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b01217","article-title":"Synthesis of Quaternized Lignin and Its Clay-Tolerance Properties in Montmorillonite-Containing Cement Paste","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saini, P., Gao, W., Soliman, A., and Fatehi, P. (2023). A new solvent-free pathway for inducing quaternized lignin-derived high molecular weight polymer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 252.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126382"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c00706","article-title":"Preparation of Biobased Nonisocyanate Polyurethane\/Epoxy Thermoset Materials Native","volume":"23","author":"Quinsaat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2024.120325","article-title":"Synthesis of novel bio-based and degradable polyurethanes using lignin oligomers","volume":"298","author":"Terreni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobab.2024.01.004","article-title":"Starting materials, processes and characteristics of bio-based foams: A review","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bioresour. Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobab.2020.07.002","article-title":"Conversion of biomass lignin to high-value polyurethane: A review","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bioresour. Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202301633","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202301633","article-title":"Functional Lignin-based Polymers: Isolation, Synthetic Methods and High-valued Applications","volume":"8","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernanda Rosa Vieira, S.M., and Dmitry, V. (2022). Evtuguin and Ana Barros-Timmons. Lignin as a Renewable Building Block for Sustainable Polyurethanes. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15176182"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1680\/jgrma.23.00040","article-title":"The effect of lignin-based polyols on the properties of polyurethane coatings","volume":"12","author":"Khorshidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000492","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202000492","article-title":"Lignin-Based Polyurethane: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bello, K.O., and Yan, N. (2024). Mechanical and Insulation Performance of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Reinforced with Lignin-Containing Nanocellulose Fibrils. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16152119"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115129","article-title":"Rational analysis of dispersion and solubility of Kraft lignin in polyols for polyurethanes","volume":"185","author":"Haridevan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s10086-020-01872-5","article-title":"Effect of incorporation of lignin as bio-polyol on the performance of rigid lightweight wood\u2013polyurethane composite foams","volume":"66","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6064","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b04546","article-title":"Fast Fractionation of Technical Lignins by Organic Cosolvents","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18193","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c02605","article-title":"Investigation of Kraft Lignin Solubility in Protic Ionic Liquids and Their Aqueous Solutions","volume":"59","author":"Dias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7448","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC02960B","article-title":"Lignin fractionation from laboratory to commercialization: Chemistry, scalability and techno-economic analysis","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.119","article-title":"Effect of lignin-based monomer on controlling the molecular weight and physical properties of the polyacrylonitrile\/lignin copolymer","volume":"164","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7193","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c00889","article-title":"Tuning the Properties of Biobased PU Coatings via Selective Lignin Fractionation and Partial Depolymerization","volume":"11","author":"Smit","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b05072","article-title":"Highly Resilient Lignin-Containing Polyurethane Foam","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.124164","article-title":"Signally improvement of polyurethane adhesive with hydroxy-enriched lignin from bagasse","volume":"585","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, F.R., Barros-Timmons, A., Evtuguin, D.V., and Pinto, P. (2022). Oxyalkylation of Lignoboost\u2122 Kraft Lignin with Propylene Carbonate: Design of Experiments towards Synthesis Optimization. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15051925"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100437","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.202100437","article-title":"Hybrid Nonisocyanate Polyurethanes (H-NIPUs): A Pathway towards a Broad Range of Novel Materials","volume":"223","author":"Bizet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300921","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202300921","article-title":"Catalyzed and Non-catalyzed Synthetic Approaches to Obtain Isocyanate-free Polyurethanes","volume":"8","author":"Chelike","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iswanto, A.H., Lubis, M.A.R., Sutiawan, J., Al-Edrus, S.S.O., Lee, S.H., Antov, P., Kristak, L., Reh, R., Mardawati, E., and Santoso, A. (2023). Latest Advancements in the Development of High-Performance Lignin- and Tannin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesive for Wood Composites. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193864"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.106124","article-title":"A review on the production, properties and applications of non-isocyanate polyurethane: A greener perspective","volume":"154","author":"Khatoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9273","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA08684D","article-title":"A review on vegetable oil-based non isocyanate polyurethane: Towards a greener and sustainable production route","volume":"14","author":"Rayung","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachak, P., Lukaszewska, I., Hebda, E., and Pielichowski, K. (2021). Recent Advances in Fabrication of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane-Based Composite Materials. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133497"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC01659D","article-title":"Materials for the biorefinery: High bio-content, shape memory Kraft lignin-derived non-isocyanate polyurethane foams using a non-toxic protocol","volume":"22","author":"Sternberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.107053","article-title":"Sustainable non-isocyanate polyurethanes bio-adhesives for engineered wood panels are revealed as promising candidates to move from formaldehyde-based alternatives","volume":"10","author":"Arias","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.114579","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of aminated co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation lignin as a renewable building block for the synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethanes","volume":"178","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200498","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202200498","article-title":"Review on Recent Applications of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials in CO2 Capture and Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":"10","author":"Bensalah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, C., Xu, L.J., Hu, K.H., Chen, X.X., Gao, R.X., Zhang, L.Y., Wang, L., and Zhang, C.D. (2023). Research Advances on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials in COx Hydrogenation. Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14101510"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14341","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC04771G","article-title":"Photocatalytic C-N bond construction toward high-value nitrogenous chemicals","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401341","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202401341","article-title":"Rationally Designed Carbon-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical C-N Coupling","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s43979-023-00055-7","article-title":"Electrocatalytic upcycling of nitrogenous wastes into green ammonia: Advances and perspectives on materials innovation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbon Neutrality"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2023.114248","article-title":"Production and applications of N-doped carbons from bioresources: A review","volume":"423","author":"Mainali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137116","article-title":"A review on biomass-derived N-doped carbons as electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy applications","volume":"446","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5805(23)60724-3","article-title":"A review of nitrogen-doped carbon materials for lithium-ion battery anodes","volume":"38","author":"Shaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Carbon Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101964","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202101964","article-title":"Recent Advances in Boron- and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Based Materials and Their Various Applications","volume":"9","author":"Thakur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300161","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202300161","article-title":"Recent Advances on Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbons Towards Electrochemical Supercapacitor Applications","volume":"24","author":"Zafar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.152205","article-title":"Aminated lignin chelated metal derived bifunctional electrocatalyst with high catalytic performance","volume":"580","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.117322","article-title":"Aminated lignin-derived sponge carbon for the capacitive deionization of copper ions","volume":"575","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.03.056","article-title":"Rational design of pyrrolic-N dominated carbon material derived from aminated lignin for Zn-ion supercapacitors","volume":"641","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"e00320","article-title":"Lignocellulose-based materials and their application in the removal of dyes from water: A review","volume":"29","author":"Roa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA06501D","article-title":"Emerging environmentally friendly bio-based nanocomposites for the efficient removal of dyes and micropollutants from wastewater by adsorption: A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Qamar","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2024.108385","article-title":"Progress in the development of phyto-based materials for adsorption of dyes from wastewater: A review","volume":"38","author":"Qamar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, W., Sun, R., Hu, S., Meng, C., Xie, B., Yi, M., and Wu, Y. (2023). Recent advances and future perspective on lignocellulose-based materials as adsorbents in diverse water treatment applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126984"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.165","article-title":"Lignin-derived (nano)materials for environmental pollution remediation: Current challenges and future perspectives","volume":"178","author":"Sajjadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7181","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01345","article-title":"Application of Lignin and Its Derivatives in Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions in Water: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110384","article-title":"A review on production of lignin-based flocculants: Sustainable feedstock and low carbon footprint applications","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135801","article-title":"New sustainable Mannich-functionalized lignin flocculants for ultra-efficiently tailoring wastewater purification","volume":"387","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.120960","article-title":"A scalable and simple lignin-based polymer for ultra-efficient flocculation and sterilization","volume":"292","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112897","article-title":"Chemosynthesis, characterization and application of lignin-based flocculants with tunable performance prepared by short-wavelength ultraviolet initiation","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03717","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Utilization of a Lignin-Based Adsorbent for Effective Removal of Azo Dye from Aqueous Solution","volume":"5","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, C., Gao, C., Fatehi, P., Wang, S., Jiang, C., and Kong, F. (2023). Influence of structure and functional group of modified kraft lignin on adsorption behavior of dye. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 240.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124368"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121302","article-title":"pH fractionated lignin for the preparation of lignin-based magnetic nanoparticles for the removal of methylene blue dye","volume":"295","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.317","article-title":"A magnetically recyclable lignin-based bio-adsorbent for efficient removal of Congo red from aqueous solution","volume":"226","author":"Zong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136006","article-title":"Ultrafast uranium recovery from high-salinity nuclear wastewater using amine-functionalized lignin microspheres","volume":"388","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.10.037","article-title":"Fabrication of a versatile lignin-based nano-trap for heavy metal ion capture and bacterial inhibition","volume":"358","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130409","article-title":"Functionalized lignin-based magnetic adsorbents with tunable structure for the efficient and selective removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution","volume":"420","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.04.111","article-title":"Ultrafast adsorption of heavy metal ions onto functionalized lignin-based hybrid magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EN01368G","article-title":"Novel polyethyleneimine functionalized chitosan\u2013lignin composite sponge with nanowall-network structures for fast and efficient removal of Hg(ii) ions from aqueous solution","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.152","article-title":"Novel amino-functionalized lignin microspheres: High performance biosorbent with enhanced capacity for heavy metal ion removal","volume":"156","author":"Popovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b00674","article-title":"Interfacial Solid-Phase Chemical Modification with Mannich Reaction and Fe(III) Chelation for Designing Lignin-Based Spherical Nanoparticle Adsorbents for Highly Efficient Removal of Low Concentration Phosphate from Water","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16548","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16548","article-title":"Improving maize carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways and yield with nitrogen application rate and nitrogen forms","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salata, A., Nurzynska-Wierdak, R., Lombardo, S., Pandino, G., Mauromicale, G., Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Asensio, S., Moreno-Ram\u00f3n, H., and Kalisz, A. (2024). Polyphenol Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Yield of Cynara cardunculus altilis in Response to Nitrogen Fertilisation. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14040739"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115004","article-title":"Identifying the critical nitrogen fertilizer rate for optimum yield and minimum nitrate leaching in a typical field radish cropping system in China","volume":"268","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.116075","article-title":"Fabrication, evaluation methodologies and models of slow-release fertilizers: A review","volume":"192","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113211","article-title":"A review on slow-release fertilizer: Nutrient release mechanism and agricultural sustainability","volume":"12","author":"Priya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(00)00066-3","article-title":"Slow-release effect of N-functionalized kraft lignin tested with Sorghum over two growth periods","volume":"76","author":"Faix","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.01.024","article-title":"Partitioning of N in growing plants, microbial biomass and soil organic matter after amendment of N-ammonoxidized lignins","volume":"60","author":"Liebner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(97)84697-4","article-title":"Ammoxidized kraft lignin as a slow-release fertilizer tested on Sorghum vulgare","volume":"61","author":"Ramirez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113481","article-title":"Efficient production of lignin-based slow-release nitrogen fertilizer via microwave heating","volume":"166","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162334","article-title":"Understanding the cadmium passivation and nitrogen mineralization of aminated lignin in soil","volume":"873","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19129","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ04381G","article-title":"A biodegradable Fe-fertilizer with high mechanical property and sustainable release for potential agriculture and horticulture applications","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10941","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b01425","article-title":"An Environment-Friendly Fertilizer Prepared by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly for pH-Responsive Nutrient Release","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10468","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c01492","article-title":"Fabrication of a Lignin-Based Magnetic Nanocomposite Adsorbent to Recover Phosphorus in Water for Agricultural Reuse","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142745","article-title":"Lignin-based nanoparticles for recovery and separation of phosphate and reused as renewable magnetic fertilizers","volume":"765","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.6029","article-title":"Engineering and slow-release properties of lignin-based double-layer coated fertilizer","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113445","article-title":"Pulping black liquor-based polymer hydrogel as water retention material and slow-release fertilizer","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117533","article-title":"Aminated rice straw\/oxidized sodium alginate\/iron(III): Synthesis and slow-release properties of a biomass-based material used as base fertilizer","volume":"205","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18957","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c06472","article-title":"Lignin\u2013Clay Nanohybrid Biocomposite-Based Double-Layer Coating Materials for Controllable-Release Fertilizer","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yang, H., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Xue, Y., Wang, R., Fan, X., and Sun, S. (2023). Green construction and release mechanism of lignin-based double-layer coated urea. Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-023-02355-7"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221145673","article-title":"Progress in Dental Adhesive Materials","volume":"102","author":"Cadenaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciastowicz, Z., Pamula, R., and Bialowiec, A. (2024). Utilization of Plant Oils for Sustainable Polyurethane Adhesives: A Review. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17081738"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czakaj, J., Sztorch, B., Romanczuk-Ruszuk, E., Brzakalski, D., and Przekop, R.E. (2023). Organosilicon Compounds in Hot-Melt Adhesive Technologies. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183708"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2023.101692","article-title":"Synthetic pressure sensitive adhesives for biomedical applications","volume":"142","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-023-6016-0","article-title":"Intelligent structured nanocomposite adhesive for bioelectronics and soft robots","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.W., Wang, H., Li, J.C., Li, P.Y., and Li, S.J. (2024). Gecko-Inspired Controllable Adhesive: Structure, Fabrication, and Application. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9030149"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2023.11.003","article-title":"Solid-state inorganic and metallic adhesives for soft biological tissues","volume":"59","author":"Okada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.X., Zhang, X.Y., Fan, Y.N., Yu, S.H., Liu, M., Feng, L.H., Sun, Q.S., and Pan, P.P. (2024). Principles and Design of Bionic Hydrogel Adhesives for Skin Wound Treatment. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16131937"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.S., Gao, S.S., Xie, Y.T., Shi, X.Y., Lai, C.H., Zhang, D.H., Wang, C.P., and Chu, F.X. (2024). Strong and Reusable Biobased Multiblock Copolyester Adhesives. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c00129"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124277","article-title":"A review of environmental assessments of biobased against petrochemical adhesives","volume":"277","author":"Eisen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100434","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.202100434","article-title":"A Review on Lignin-Based Phenolic Resin Adhesive","volume":"223","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghahri, S., and Park, B.-D. (2024). Amination and crosslinking of acetone-fractionated hardwood kraft lignin using different amines and aldehydes for sustainable bio-based wood adhesives. Bioresour. Technol., 399.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.130645"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2023.103415","article-title":"Introduction of aminated sodium lignosulfonate as a chain extender for preparation of high-performance waterborne polyurethane","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152914","article-title":"Aminated alkali lignin nanoparticles enabled formaldehyde-free biomass wood adhesive with high strength, toughness, and mildew resistance","volume":"494","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0015.0242","article-title":"Lignin-based polyurethane and epoxy adhesives: A short review","volume":"2","author":"Tavares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.074","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy reveals how relative humidity impacts the Young\u2019s modulus of lignocellulosic polymers and their adhesion with cellulose nanocrystals at the nanoscale","volume":"147","author":"Marcuello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergamasco, S., Tamantini, S., Zikeli, F., Vinciguerra, V., Scarascia Mugnozza, G., and Romagnoli, M. (2022). Synthesis and Characterizations of Eco-Friendly Organosolv Lignin-Based Polyurethane Coating Films for the Coating Industry. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030416"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115719","article-title":"Smart lignin-based polyurethane conjugated with corrosion inhibitor as bio-based anticorrosive sublayer coating","volume":"188","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105665","article-title":"Investigation on the effects of polyaniline\/lignin composites on the performance of waterborne polyurethane coating for protecting cement-based materials","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khadem, E., Ghafarzadeh, M., Kharaziha, M., Sun, F.B., and Zhang, X.M. (2024). Lignin derivatives-based hydrogels for biomedical applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 261.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129877"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118402","article-title":"Biomedical applications of fluorescent lignin derived quantum dots: An emerging arena","volume":"213","author":"Jayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukheja, Y., Kaur, J., Pathania, K., Sah, S.P., Salunke, D.B., Sangamwar, A.T., and Pawar, S.V. (2023). Recent advances in pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications of lignin-based materials. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124601"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K.Y., Zhong, W., Li, P.H., Ren, J.P., Jiang, K.J., and Wu, W.J. (2023). Antibacterial mechanism of lignin and lignin-based antimicrobial materials in different fields. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 252.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126281"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300024","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300024","article-title":"Nano-Strategies for Lignin Biomaterials toward Cancer Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Sathasivam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nugroho, R.A., Saputra, O.A., Pradita, A.L., Fajar, A.N., and Wibowo, F.R. (2024). Lignin-based polyurethane composites enhanced with hydroxyapatite for controlled drug delivery and potential cellular scaffold applications. Polym. Compos.","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.28827"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pahlevanneshan, Z., Deypour, M., Kefayat, A., Rafienia, M., Sajkiewicz, P., Neisiany, R.E., and Enayati, M.S. (2021). Polyurethane-Nanolignin Composite Foam Coated with Propolis as a Platform for Wound Dressing: Synthesis and Characterization. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183191"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115193","article-title":"A novel pH-responsive charge reversal nanospheres based on acetylated histidine-modified lignin for drug delivery","volume":"186","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.114957","article-title":"Efficient ethanol solvothermal synthesis of high-performance nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots from lignin for metal ion nanosensing and cell imaging","volume":"183","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/20\/5110\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:16:41Z","timestamp":1760113001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/20\/5110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17205110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17205110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]]}}}