{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:34:21Z","timestamp":1776119661957,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"Hong Kong GRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15210622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15210622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"Hong Kong GRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15213619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15213619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"Hong Kong GRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0039303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0039303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"HKPolyU Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15210622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15210622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"HKPolyU Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15213619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15213619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"HKPolyU Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0039303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0039303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Being a type of carbonaceous material, glassy carbon possesses thermomechanical properties akin to ceramics, offering both mechanical and chemical stability at high temperatures; therefore, it can be applied in electrochemistry and high-temperature manufacturing. However, the direct pyrolysis of a bulk precursor leads to internal pores and cracks, usually resulting in fracture. Our characterization results show that at temperatures below 400 \u00b0C, large pores do not form, and pre-carbonized glassy carbon (PGC) formed at 350 \u00b0C has a dense microstructure without cracks. It exhibits a high compressive strength of ~370 MPa and flexural strength of ~190 MPa, making it suitable for load-bearing applications. Additionally, the PGC-350 material shows small mass loss (~5%) and reasonably low thermal expansion (2.5 \u00d7 10\u22126\/\u00b0C) when heated to 350 \u00b0C again. These properties suggest the potential of PGC for high-temperature applications. As a demonstration, PGC formed at 350 \u00b0C was employed to fabricate molds to press chalcogenide glass blanks, which exhibited favorable molding results for various surface morphologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17215274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T09:10:44Z","timestamp":1730279444000},"page":"5274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evolution of Holes and Cracks in Pre-Carbonized Glassy Carbon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haihui","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asgar, M.A., Kim, J., Haq, M.R., Kim, T., and Kim, S.M. 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