{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:26:34Z","timestamp":1777512394268,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Serbian Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovations","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200017"]}]},{"name":"Serbian Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovations","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"]}]},{"name":"Austrian ministries BMK and BMAW","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200017"]}]},{"name":"Austrian ministries BMK and BMAW","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"]}]},{"name":"federal states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Carinthia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200017"]}]},{"name":"federal states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Carinthia","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With growing concerns regarding environmental pollution and the need for sustainable waste management practices, this study investigates the potential of utilizing spent coffee grounds (SCG) as a precursor for producing functional carbon materials aimed at organophosphorus pesticide remediation under environmentally relevant conditions. Carbonization of SCG is followed by various activation methods, including treatment with potassium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, and carbon dioxide, individually or in combination. The resulting biochars are systematically analyzed for their adsorption performance towards malathion and chlorpyrifos. Screening tests revealed a selective adsorption preference towards aromatic chlorpyrifos over aliphatic malathion. Activation processes significantly influence adsorption kinetics and efficiency, with physical activation showing notable adsorption rates and capacity enhancements. Moreover, the SCG-derived biochars exhibit a pronounced dependency on adsorption temperature. Adsorption, regeneration, and reuse of the most promising material are tested in a real, spiked tap water sample, proving that the presence of ions in tap water did not affect the adsorption and that the material has the potential to be reused more than ten times. This work proposes a straightforward approach for recycling SCG by converting it into functional carbon materials, underscoring the importance of selecting the appropriate activation processes and conditions for practical applications in pesticide remediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17225499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T11:34:11Z","timestamp":1731324851000},"page":"5499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Transforming Food Biowaste into Selective and Reusable Adsorbents for Pesticide Removal from Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7706-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedran","family":"Milankovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12\u201314, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1988-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Tasi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12\u201314, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-5648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sne\u017eana","family":"Brkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12\u201314, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neboj\u0161a","family":"Potkonjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12\u201314, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Unterweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wood K Plus\u2014Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor A.","family":"Pa\u0161ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12\u201316, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-2079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Lazarevi\u0107-Pa\u0161ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12\u201314, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152357","article-title":"Trends in mitigation of industrial waste: Global health hazards, environmental implications and waste derived economy for environmental sustainability","volume":"811","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125490","article-title":"Food waste recovery pathways: Challenges and opportunities for an emerging bio-based circular economy. A systematic review and an assessment","volume":"286","author":"Santagata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, I., Zia, M.A., Afzal, H., Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Akram, Z., Sher, F., and Iqbal, H.M.N. (2021). Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084200"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kharissova, O.V., Mart\u00ednez, L.M.T., and Kharisov, B.I. (2020). Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Waste-Based Biochar for Environment Remediation. Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11155-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2005.11.006","article-title":"Development of activated carbon pore structure via physical and chemical activation of biomass fibre waste","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.12.083","article-title":"Biochar as potential sustainable precursors for activated carbon production: Multiple applications in environmental protection and energy storage","volume":"227","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14030070","article-title":"Resolving Coffee Waste and Water Pollution\u2014A Study on KOH-Activated Coffee Grounds for Organophosphorus Xenobiotics Remediation","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Xenobiot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.102229","article-title":"Lignocellulose based Bio-waste Materials derived Activated Porous Carbon as Superior Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitor","volume":"34","author":"Mondal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116303","article-title":"Evaluating biochar and its modifications for the removal of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate in water","volume":"186","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevilacqua, E., Cruzat, V., Singh, I., Rose\u2019Meyer, R.B., Panchal, S.K., and Brown, L. (2023). The Potential of Spent Coffee Grounds in Functional Food Development. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040994"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35776","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2359-6","article-title":"Converting environmental risks to benefits by using spent coffee grounds (SCG) as a valuable resource","volume":"25","author":"Stylianou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.10.020","article-title":"Effect of different rates of spent coffee grounds (SCG) on composting process, gaseous emissions and quality of end-product","volume":"59","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, E.J., Lee, Y.G., Song, Y., Nguyen, D.-T., and Bae, H.-J. (2022). An integrated process for conversion of spent coffee grounds into value-added materials. Bioresour. Technol., 346.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126618"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.10.011","article-title":"Large-scale converting waste coffee grounds into functional carbon materials as high-efficient adsorbent for organic dyes","volume":"272","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311030006","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cara, I.G., \u021aopa, D., Puiu, I., and Jit\u0103reanu, G. (2022). Biochar a Promising Strategy for Pesticide-Contaminated Soils. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12101579"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2019.1654809","article-title":"A comprehensive review on enzymatic degradation of the organophosphate pesticide malathion in the environment","volume":"37","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aswathi, A., Pandey, A., and Sukumaran, R.K. (2019). Rapid degradation of the organophosphate pesticide\u2014Chlorpyrifos by a novel strain of Pseudomonas nitroreducens AR-3. Bioresour. Technol., 292.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122025"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leskovac, A., and Petrovi\u0107, S. (2023). Pesticide Use and Degradation Strategies: Food Safety, Challenges and Perspectives. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12142709"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.126609","article-title":"Customizable cholinium-based aqueous biphasic systems as ecofriendly extraction platform for removal of pesticide from wastewaters","volume":"340","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178630217750876","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630217750876","article-title":"Pesticide Poisonings in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"12","author":"Neupane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasi\u0107, T., Milankovi\u0107, V., Batalovi\u0107, K., Breitenbach, S., Unterweger, C., F\u00fcrst, C., Pa\u0161ti, I.A., and Lazarevi\u0107-Pa\u0161ti, T. (2023). Application of Viscose-Based Porous Carbon Fibers in Food Processing\u2014Malathion and Chlorpyrifos Removal. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12122362"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Krieger, R. (2010). Chapter 71\u2014Malathion: A Review of Toxicology. Hayes\u2019 Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101777","article-title":"Remediation of chemical pesticides from contaminated sites through potential microorganisms and their functional enzymes: Prospects and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Sarker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Bhat, R.A., Tonelli, F.M.P., Dar, G.H., and Hakeem, K. (2022). Chapter 16\u2014Phytoremediation of pesticides. Phytoremediation, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kathi, S., Devipriya, S., and Thamaraiselvi, K. (2022). Chapter 8\u2014In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) remediation: A focus on activated persulfate oxidation of pesticide-contaminated soil and groundwater. Cost Effective Technologies for Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.12.074","article-title":"Study on the removal of pesticide in agricultural run off by granular activated carbon","volume":"102","author":"Jusoh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.099","article-title":"Impact of biochar amendment in agricultural soils on the sorption, desorption, and degradation of pesticides: A review","volume":"645","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, H.-D., Han, H., Park, J.-H., and Kim, Y.S. (2022). Sustainable Proposal for Regulating Organophosphate Pesticides in Wastewater Treatment Plants in South Korea. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141911979"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2015.09.007","article-title":"Comparison of solar TiO2 photocatalysis and solar photo-Fenton for treatment of pesticides industry wastewater: Operational conditions, kinetics, and costs","volume":"8","author":"Tawfik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.06.031","article-title":"Treatment of malathion pesticide wastewater with nanofiltration and photo-Fenton oxidation","volume":"263","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2024, October 22). Available online: https:\/\/sdgresources.relx.com\/."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"331","article-title":"Toxicity Evaluation of Pesticide Industry Wastewater through Fish Bioassay","volume":"3","author":"Chavan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IRA-Int. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2016.02.006","article-title":"A review of the kinetics adsorption models and their application to the adsorption of lead by an activated carbon","volume":"109","author":"Largitte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milankovi\u0107, V., Tasi\u0107, T., Pej\u010di\u0107, M., Pa\u0161ti, I., and Lazarevi\u0107-Pa\u0161ti, T. (2023). Spent Coffee Grounds as an Adsorbent for Malathion and Chlorpyrifos\u2014Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Eco-Neurotoxicity. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12122397"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2021.03.037","article-title":"Biowaste-originated heteroatom-doped porous carbonaceous material for electrochemical energy storage application","volume":"98","author":"Raji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2021.034","article-title":"Coffee residue-based activated carbons for phenol removal","volume":"16","author":"Palanisami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Pract. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.134974","article-title":"Microstructure engineering towards porous carbon materials derived from one biowaste precursor for multiple energy storage applications","volume":"326","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biegun, M., Dymerska, A., Chen, X., and Mijowska, E. (2020). Study of the Active Carbon from Used Coffee Grounds as the Active Material for a High-Temperature Stable Supercapacitor with Ionic-Liquid Electrolyte. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13183919"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.07.070","article-title":"Sorption of ionizable and ionic organic compounds to biochar, activated carbon and other carbonaceous materials","volume":"124","author":"Kah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103904","article-title":"Bagasse based biochar for the adsorptive removal of chlorpyrifos from contaminated water","volume":"8","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2021.1890776","article-title":"Renewable Eco-Friendly Activated Biochar from Tobacco: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamics Studies for Chlorpyrifos Removal","volume":"57","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201100209","article-title":"Evaluation of Two Low-Cost\u2013High-Performance Adsorbent Materials in the Waste-to-Product Approach for the Removal of Pesticides from Drinking Water","volume":"40","author":"Thuy","year":"2012","journal-title":"CLEAN-Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2023.111277","article-title":"Irradiated fig pomace pyrochar as a promising and sustainable sterilized sorbent for water pollutant removal","volume":"214","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104487","article-title":"Sterilized plum pomace biochar as a low-cost effective sorbent of environmental contaminants","volume":"56","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100208","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of new adsorbent from Cinnamon waste by physical activation for removal of Chlorpyrifos","volume":"5","author":"Ettish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/22\/5499\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:30:21Z","timestamp":1760113821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/22\/5499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17225499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17225499","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]}}}