{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T04:26:06Z","timestamp":1789273566381,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]],"date-time":"2024-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-CON\/0704\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-CON\/0704\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low water resistance is the main shortcoming of unfired earth materials, requiring chemical stabilisation for some durable applications. Ordinary Portland cement (PC) is an efficient stabiliser, but it goes against the ecological and sustainable nature of earth construction. This study explores the use of low-carbon thermoactivated recycled cement (RC) obtained from old cement waste as a new eco-efficient alternative to PC in the stabilisation of compressed earth blocks (CEBs). The objective is to improve the durability of the CEB masonry even when applied in direct contact with water, without compromising its eco-efficiency. The water resistance of the CEBs with 0% (unstabilised) and 5% and 10% (wt. of earth) stabiliser and partial to total replacement of PC with RC (0, 20, 50, 100% wt.) was evaluated in terms of compressive strength under different moisture contents, immersion and capillary water absorption, low-pressure water absorption, water permeability and water erosion. Low absorption and high resistance to water erosion were achieved in stabilised CEBs, regardless of the type of cement used. The incorporation of RC increased the total porosity and water absorption of the CEBs compared to PC, but significantly improved the water resistance of the unstabilised blocks. The eco-friendlier RC proved to be a promising alternative to PC stabilisation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17225617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1732002675000},"page":"5617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Water Resistance of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilised with Thermoactivated Recycled Cement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alexandre","family":"Bogas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Balboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0372-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, NOVA School of Science and Technology, University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, M., Lindsay, R., and Krayenhoff, M. (2012). Modern Earth Building Codes, Standards and Normative Development. 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