{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:13Z","timestamp":1760146633632,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K17274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K17274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An intraoral fluoride-releasing device (IFRD) is a cost-effective tool for introducing fluoride into the oral cavity. It allows prolonged uptake of low concentrations of fluoride into teeth. We developed a new IFRD using 3D additive manufacturing and a new low-release fluoride gel. Gels for IFRDs were synthesized from hydroxyethyl cellulose (SE600) and cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose (L200). We compared the effects of the new cationic fluoride slow-release gel and non-cationic gel on enamel acid resistance in vitro. Cationization significantly increased fluoride ion concentration, as evident from its concentrations of 0.68 \u00b1 0.08 ppm for SE600 and 4.24 \u00b1 0.83 ppm for L200 after 60 min of immersion in distilled water. In addition, the acid resistance of bovine tooth enamel post-application was analyzed by measuring tooth loss, mineral loss (\u0394Z), and lesion depth (Ld) using polarized light microscopy, electron microscopy, and micro-radiography. Compared to the SE600 group, the cationic L200 group had significantly reduced \u0394Z and Ld, enhancing enamel acid resistance. This device could be implemented in areas where adequate oral care is challenging, including preventive dentistry, ward management, nursing homes, and dental clinic visits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17235731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1732523904000},"page":"5731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving Enamel Acid Resistance by an Intraoral Fluoride-Release Device Incorporating Cationic Hydroxy Cellulose Gel Using 3D Printer Molding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3609-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryouichi","family":"Satou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4717-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kento","family":"Odaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Sako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Sugihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510393346","article-title":"Cochrane reviews on the benefits\/risks of fluoride toothpastes","volume":"90","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"CD007868","article-title":"Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"CD002782","article-title":"Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents","volume":"2003","author":"Marinho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000260667","article-title":"Influence of fluoride in solution on tooth demineralization: I. Chemical Data","volume":"17","author":"Duijsters","year":"1983","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1159\/000260711","article-title":"Influence of fluoride in solution on tooth demineralization: II. Microradiographic Data","volume":"17","author":"Duijsters","year":"1983","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1999.tb01989.x","article-title":"Prevention and reversal of dental caries: Role of low level fluoride","volume":"27","author":"Featherstone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2013.162","article-title":"Contemporary perspective on the use of fluoride products in caries prevention","volume":"214","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00552.x","article-title":"Role of fluoride in Oral Health promotion","volume":"50","author":"Clarkson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000084798","article-title":"A clinical trial of a slow-releasing fluoride device in children","volume":"39","author":"Toumba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262680","article-title":"A review of slow-release fluoride devices","volume":"10","author":"Toumba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000261987","article-title":"Dose related remineralization using intraoral fluoride-releasing devices in situ","volume":"28","author":"Cain","year":"1994","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1188","article-title":"Intraoral fluoride-releasing devices: A literature review","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1159\/000260883","article-title":"Comparison of the cariostatic effect of topically and systemically administered controlled-release fluoride in the rat","volume":"19","author":"Mirth","year":"1985","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1159\/000334479","article-title":"Factors associated with fluoride concentrations in whole and parotid ductal saliva","volume":"45","author":"Fukushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2002.00902.x","article-title":"Fluoride release and uptake characteristics of aesthetic restorative materials","volume":"29","author":"Attar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"229","article-title":"Fluoride-releasing restorative materials and secondary caries","volume":"31","author":"Hicks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Calif. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00638-5","article-title":"Compressive strength, fluoride release and recharge of fluoride-releasing materials","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3329\/updcj.v2i2.15533","article-title":"Compressive strength, fluoride release and recharge of Giomer","volume":"2","author":"Quader","year":"2013","journal-title":"Update Dent. Coll. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, L.Y., Clarkson, J.E., Dobbyn-Ross, L., and Bhakta, S. (2018). Slow-release fluoride devices for the control of dental decay. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD005101.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005101.pub4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1982.0481","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of an intraoral device for the controlled release of fluoride","volume":"105","author":"Mirth","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"17","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of new designs for intraoral fluoride-releasing systems","volume":"20","author":"Billings","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000261375","article-title":"Effects of an acidic calcium phosphate solution and the intraoral fluoride-releasing device on dental caries and fluoride uptake in rats","volume":"25","author":"Shern","year":"1991","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00222348.2013.808512","article-title":"Solution behavior of hydrophobic cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/03602551003749619","article-title":"Structure and property of cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochica Larrota, A.F., Vera-Graziano, R., L\u00f3pez-C\u00f3rdoba, A., and G\u00f3mez-Pach\u00f3n, E.Y. (2021). Electrospun ultrafine cationic cellulose fibers produced from sugarcane bagasse for potential textile applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13223927"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-018-0181-3","article-title":"Current and emerging applications of 3D printing in restorative dentistry","volume":"5","author":"Anadioti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, M., Radomski, K., Lopez, D., Liu, J.T., Lee, J.D., and Lee, S.J. (2023). Materials and applications of 3D printing technology in dentistry: An overview. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1965.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2485\/jhtb.32.133","article-title":"Geometric evaluation of biomimetic 3D printed rat femur","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hard Tissue Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15761\/RRI.1000118","article-title":"Artificial biofilm thickness and salivary flow effects on fluoride efficacy\u2014A model development study","volume":"1","author":"Lippert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Rev. Insights"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690S120","article-title":"In vitro studies on the effects of fluoride on De- and remineralization","volume":"69","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2012.03609.x","article-title":"Natural Enamel Caries in Polarized Light Microscopy: Differences in Histopathological Features Derived from a Qualitative versus a Quantitative Approach to Interpret Enamel Birefringence","volume":"246","author":"Soares","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(63)80017-9","article-title":"Studies on the ultrastructure of dental enamel. IV. The mineralization of normal human enamel","volume":"8","author":"Angmar","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Ultrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satou, R., Miki, N., Iwasaki, M., and Sugihara, N. (2023). Fully automated bioreactor-based pH-cycling system for demineralization: A comparative study with a conventional method. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16144929"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1972.sp009721","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in human salivary flow rate and composition","volume":"220","author":"Dawes","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"384","article-title":"A study on the fluoride retention and remineralization effects of cationic cellulose in dentifrices","volume":"55","author":"Kubota","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Health."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"215","article-title":"Effects of low-volume mouth rinsing after Toothbru-Shing with newly developed fluoride dentifrice on salivary fluoride concentrations","volume":"9","author":"Osawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean Acad. J. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03597-7","article-title":"Combined effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and sodium trimetaphosphate on the prevention of enamel demineralization and dental caries: An in vitro study","volume":"25","author":"Delbem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2018.11.022","article-title":"Carious lesion remineralizing potential of fluoride- and calcium-containing toothpastes: A laboratory study","volume":"150","author":"Lippert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000261237","article-title":"Diurnal fluoride concentration in whole saliva in children living in a high- and a low-fluoride area","volume":"24","author":"Oliveby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345860650010301","article-title":"Effect of low levels of fluoride in solution on enamel demineralization in vitro","volume":"65","author":"Margolis","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1159\/000260802","article-title":"Fluoride in whole saliva and dental caries experience in areas with high or low concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water","volume":"18","author":"Bruun","year":"1984","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690S118","article-title":"Nature and role of loosely bound fluoride in dental caries","volume":"69","author":"Arends","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000261524","article-title":"Calcium fluoride formation in enamel from semi- or low-concentrated F agents in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Bruun","year":"1993","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2485\/jhtb.33.39","article-title":"Effect of an amorphous calcium phosphate agent on artificial dentin caries lesions","volume":"33","author":"Sasaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hard Tissue Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2485\/jhtb.33.171","article-title":"Influence of crystallinity and porosity on the features of endodontic cement and natural hydroxyapatite based biomaterial qualities","volume":"33","author":"Rupeks","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hard Tissue Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801013","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201801013","article-title":"3D printing and digital processing techniques in dentistry: A review of literature","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/23\/5731\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:37:58Z","timestamp":1760114278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/23\/5731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17235731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17235731","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]}}}