{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:06:31Z","timestamp":1792789591699,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["POIR.04.01.04-00-0071\/20\u201300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.04-00-0071\/20\u201300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leather waste contains up to 10% nitrogen (N); thus, combustion or gasification only for the energy recovery would not be rational, if safety standards are met. On the other hand, the chromium (Cr) content exceeding 5% in half of the waste stream (w\/w) is too significant to be applied in agriculture. In this work, four acid hydrolysates from leather waste shavings, both wet-white free of Cr and wet-blue with Cr, were used: two with a mixture of acids and supplemented with Cu, Mn, and Zn, and the other two as semi-products from collagen extraction using hydrochloric acid. Additionally wet-green leather waste shavings, e.g., impregnated with olive extract, were used followed by the two treatments: amendment with a biochar from \u201cwet white\u201d leather waste shavings and amendment with this biochar incubated with the commercial phosphorus stimulating microbial consortia BactoFos. They were applied as organic nitrogen-based fertilizers in a glasshouse experiment, consisting of 4\u20135 subsequent harvests every 30 days, under spring\u2013autumn conditions in northern Poland. Biochar-amended wet-greens provided the highest nitrogen use efficiencies, exceeding 100% after 4 months of growth (for 20 kg N\/ha) and varying from 17% to 37% in particular months. This is backed up by another parameter (relative agronomic effectiveness) that for these materials exceeded 150% for a single month and in total was around 33%. Biochar amendments significantly increased agronomic parameters for wet-greens, and their microbial treatment enhanced them even further. Recycling this type of waste can replace inorganic fertilizers, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17235741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1732523904000},"page":"5741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Leather Waste Hydrolysation, Carbonization, and Microbial Treatment for Nitrogen Recovery by Ryegrass Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ksawery","family":"Kuligowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Aspects of Ecoenergy, The Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Skrzypczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, M. Smoluchowskiego 25 St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mikula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, M. Smoluchowskiego 25 St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Chojnacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Material Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, M. Smoluchowskiego 25 St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Bandr\u00f3w","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BADER Polska Sp. z o.o., Mostowa 1 St., 59-700 Boles\u0142awiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7643-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Tylingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Mania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rendben Ltd., Wiczli\u0144ska 117 M, 81-578 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-7741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Cenian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Aspects of Ecoenergy, The Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041","article-title":"Circular Economy: The Concept and Its Limitations","volume":"143","author":"Korhonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. 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