{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:23:16Z","timestamp":1781101396461,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","award":["IVSTSKL-202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVSTSKL-202305"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","award":["JDLHPYJD2021008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDLHPYJD2021008"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","award":["30121230032022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30121230032022"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","award":["52205377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205377"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","award":["2022YFB4601804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4601804"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","award":["SJC2022031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022031"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology","award":["SJC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022029"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University-Yangtse Delta Advanced Material Research Institute Provincial-level Joint Graduate Student Cultivation Base","award":["IVSTSKL-202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVSTSKL-202305"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University-Yangtse Delta Advanced Material Research Institute Provincial-level Joint Graduate Student Cultivation Base","award":["JDLHPYJD2021008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDLHPYJD2021008"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University-Yangtse Delta Advanced Material Research Institute Provincial-level Joint Graduate Student Cultivation Base","award":["30121230032022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30121230032022"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University-Yangtse Delta Advanced Material Research Institute Provincial-level Joint Graduate Student Cultivation Base","award":["52205377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205377"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University-Yangtse Delta Advanced Material Research Institute Provincial-level Joint Graduate Student Cultivation Base","award":["2022YFB4601804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4601804"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University-Yangtse Delta Advanced Material Research Institute Provincial-level Joint Graduate Student Cultivation Base","award":["SJC2022031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022031"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University-Yangtse Delta Advanced Material Research Institute Provincial-level Joint Graduate Student Cultivation Base","award":["SJC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022029"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Program-Innovation and Entrepreneurship Demonstration Team-Zhan Zhenfei","award":["IVSTSKL-202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVSTSKL-202305"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Program-Innovation and Entrepreneurship Demonstration Team-Zhan Zhenfei","award":["JDLHPYJD2021008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDLHPYJD2021008"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Program-Innovation and Entrepreneurship Demonstration Team-Zhan Zhenfei","award":["30121230032022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30121230032022"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Program-Innovation and Entrepreneurship Demonstration Team-Zhan Zhenfei","award":["52205377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205377"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Program-Innovation and Entrepreneurship Demonstration Team-Zhan Zhenfei","award":["2022YFB4601804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4601804"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Program-Innovation and Entrepreneurship Demonstration Team-Zhan Zhenfei","award":["SJC2022031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022031"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Program-Innovation and Entrepreneurship Demonstration Team-Zhan Zhenfei","award":["SJC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022029"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["IVSTSKL-202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVSTSKL-202305"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["JDLHPYJD2021008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDLHPYJD2021008"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["30121230032022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30121230032022"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["52205377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205377"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022YFB4601804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4601804"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["SJC2022031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022031"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["SJC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022029"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["IVSTSKL-202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVSTSKL-202305"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["JDLHPYJD2021008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDLHPYJD2021008"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["30121230032022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30121230032022"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["52205377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205377"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022YFB4601804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4601804"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["SJC2022031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022031"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["SJC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022029"]}]},{"name":"Key Basic Research Project of Suzhou","award":["IVSTSKL-202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVSTSKL-202305"]}]},{"name":"Key Basic Research Project of Suzhou","award":["JDLHPYJD2021008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDLHPYJD2021008"]}]},{"name":"Key Basic Research Project of Suzhou","award":["30121230032022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30121230032022"]}]},{"name":"Key Basic Research Project of Suzhou","award":["52205377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205377"]}]},{"name":"Key Basic Research Project of Suzhou","award":["2022YFB4601804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4601804"]}]},{"name":"Key Basic Research Project of Suzhou","award":["SJC2022031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022031"]}]},{"name":"Key Basic Research Project of Suzhou","award":["SJC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2022029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galvanized high-strength steel has emerged as a key focus in automotive lightweighting research. During resistance spot welding of galvanized steel, the phenomenon of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) can occur, which is characterized by the appearance of irregular cracks on the weld spot surface. However, the impact of LME cracks on the mechanical properties of joints remains unclear. This study investigates the LME phenomenon and its effects on the performance of spot-welded joints using galvanized QP980 steel as the subject. By combining theoretical analysis, experimental methods, and simulations, the formation and characteristics of LME cracks are explored through resistance spot welding experiments and elemental analysis. The influence of LME cracks on the static strength of joints is assessed through quasi-static tensile tests, fracture surface analysis, and theoretical calculations. Finite element simulations of the static tensile process reveal that LME cracks alter the stress\u2013strain fields during joint failure. Additionally, the study examines how the location and size of LME cracks influence these effects. Finally, fatigue testing and fracture analysis of spot-welded joints demonstrate that LME cracks can negatively impact the fatigue life of joints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17246149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T12:09:28Z","timestamp":1734350968000},"page":"6149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Research on the Influence of Liquid Metal Embrittlement Cracks on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Spot-Welded Joints of Galvanized Q&amp;P980 Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"},{"name":"Materials Bigdata and Applications Division, Materials Academy Jitri, Suzhou 215131, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"},{"name":"Materials Bigdata and Applications Division, Materials Academy Jitri, Suzhou 215131, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfei","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Bigdata and Applications Division, Materials Academy Jitri, Suzhou 215131, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Light-Weight Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Bigdata and Applications Division, Materials Academy Jitri, Suzhou 215131, China"},{"name":"School of Advanced Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Bigdata and Applications Division, Materials Academy Jitri, Suzhou 215131, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"An investigation of the progress of automotive lightweighting in China in the past five years","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Automot. Dig."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Experimental study on fatigue performance of resistance spot welding process and lap joints of Q&P steel","volume":"43","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Therm. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"26","article-title":"The development of new high-strength steel sheets for automobiles","volume":"26","author":"Mukai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kobelco Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1179\/136217108X325470","article-title":"Influence of microstructure and weld size on the mechanical behaviour of dissimilar AHSS resistance spot welds","volume":"13","author":"Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2004.05.042","article-title":"Penetration of liquid metals into solid metals and liquid metal embrittlement","volume":"387\u2013389","author":"Ina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rka, J., Suder, W., Kciuk, M., and Stano, S. (2023). Assessment of the Laser Beam Welding of Galvanized Car Body Steel with an Additional Organic Protective Layer. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16020670"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1179\/174328408X262418","article-title":"Relationship between failure behaviour and weld fusion zone attributes of austenitic stainless steel resistance spot welds","volume":"24","author":"Marashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/13621718.2018.1518363","article-title":"Impact of liquid metal embrittlement cracks on resistance spot weld static strength","volume":"24","author":"Digiovanni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ge, X. (2021). Study on the Effect of Liquid Metal Embrittlement Cracking on the Mechanical Properties of Resistance Spot Welded Joints of Zinc Bonded Q&P1180 Steel. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanchang University]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"454","article-title":"Liquid metal embrittlement of resistance spot welded 1180trip steel-effects of crack geometry on weld mechanical performance","volume":"2017","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-019-04005-2","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of liquid metal embrittlement crack location","volume":"28","author":"DiGiovanni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.M2013244","article-title":"Evaluation of surface crack in resistance spot welds of zn-coated steel","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/13621718.2021.1872289","article-title":"Effect of type-b liquid metal embrittlement cracks on high-cycle fatigue properties of spot-welded 1180 TRIP steel","volume":"26","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.143088","article-title":"Zn-induced liquid metal embrittlement and mechanical properties of advanced high-strength steel with resistance spot weld","volume":"843","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.06.041","article-title":"Effect of Type-C liquid metal embrittlement on mechanical properties of spot-welded TRIP steel","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Xue, R., Zhang, Q., Chen, Y., and Wu, H. (2023). Characterization of dynamic mechanics and fracture-failure behavior of high-strength duplex steels. Hebei Metall., 47\u201356."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2015.02.024","article-title":"Micromechanically-motivated phenomenological Hosford\u2013Coulomb model for predicting ductile fracture initiation at low stress triaxialities","volume":"67","author":"Mohr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"308S","article-title":"Effects of Fusion Zone Size on Failure Modes and Static Strength of Aluminum Resistance Spot Welds","volume":"83","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Weld. J."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Shi, Y. (2013). Research on Fatigue Performance and Life Prediction Method of Aluminium Alloy Spot Welded Joints. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.110075","article-title":"Fracture modeling of resistance spot welded ultra-high-strength steel considering the effect of liquid metal embrittlement crack","volume":"210","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Li, X. (2023). Study on Crack Extension and Fatigue Life of Spot Welded Joints of High Strength Steel Under Residual Stress. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chongqing Jiaotong University]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02652880","article-title":"An improved equation relating hardness to ultimate strength","volume":"3","author":"Cahoon","year":"1972","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/24\/6149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:15Z","timestamp":1760115195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/24\/6149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17246149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17246149","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}