{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:39:40Z","timestamp":1790653180147,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52478444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478444"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CYS23486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYS23486"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing University Graduate Student Research Innovation Project","award":["52478444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478444"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing University Graduate Student Research Innovation Project","award":["CYS23486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYS23486"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the potential for efficient and resourceful utilization of phosphogypsum (PG) through the preparation of a High-volume Phosphogypsum Cement Stabilized Road Base (HPG-CSSB). The investigation analyzed the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), water stability, strength formation mechanism, microstructure, and pollutant curing mechanism of HPG-CSSB by laser diffraction methods (LD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The optimal mix ratio of HPG-CSSB was 4% cement, 1% CA2, 35% PG, and 60% graded crushed stone. The UCS reached 6.6 MPa, 9.3 MPa, and 11.3 MPa at 7, 28, and 60 d, respectively. The alkaline curing agent stimulated cement activity and accelerated the release of Ca2+ and SO42\u2212 from the PG. This formed many C-S-H gels and ettringite (AFt). The curing agent converted Ca2+ to C-(A)-S-H gels due to high volcanic ash activity. The diverse hydration products strengthened HPG-CSSB. The HPG-CSSB exhibits favorable water stability, demonstrating a mere 7.6% reduction in strength following 28 d of immersion. The C-S-H gel and AFt generated in the system can carry out ion exchange and adsorption precipitation with F\u2212 and PO43\u2212 in PG, achieving the curing effect of toxic and hazardous substances. HPG-CSSB meets the Class A standard for integrated wastewater discharge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17246201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T06:50:44Z","timestamp":1734591044000},"page":"6201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["High-Volume Phosphogypsum Cement Stabilized Road Base: Preparation Methods and Strength Formation Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Metallurgical Construction Engineering Group Company Limited, Chongqing 400084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03123001","DOI":"10.1061\/JHTRBP.HZENG-1181","article-title":"Utilization of Industrial Waste Phosphogypsum as Geomaterial: A Review","volume":"27","author":"Thakur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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