{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T22:53:12Z","timestamp":1773355992872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Development Fund"},{"name":"Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the bondability of beech and alder wood modified through styrene polymerization within the wood lumen. Unmodified wood samples served as the reference material. Bondability was tested using four adhesive types commonly used in wood technology: polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), urea-formaldehyde (UF), phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF), and epoxy resin. In addition to shear strength measurements, the adhesive density profile was also assessed. Results indicated that styrene modification generally reduced wood bondability, with reductions in shear strength ranging from 8% to 23% for beech wood and 1.6% to 29% for alder wood, depending on the adhesive type. The only exception was observed with the epoxy adhesive, which showed a 13% improvement in bonding quality for modified wood. These findings suggest that while styrene modification may enhance specific properties of wood, it can adversely affect its adhesion performance with some adhesive systems, except epoxy, which displayed improved compatibility with styrene-modified wood. The study offers insights for selecting suitable adhesives when using modified wood in structural applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17246212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T08:04:14Z","timestamp":1734595454000},"page":"6212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Styrene Polymerization on the Bondability of Beech and Alder Wood with Different Adhesives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0207-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"\u017bmuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science and Wood Protection, Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1269-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Wronka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Entrepreneurship in the Wood Industry, Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1463-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Kowaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Entrepreneurship in the Wood Industry, Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4437-009X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Radomski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science and Wood Protection, Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Cross-linking modifier improves applied quality of fast-growing poplar","volume":"29","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao\/Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spear, M.J., Curling, S.F., Dimitriou, A., and Ormondroyd, G.A. (2021). Review of functional treatments for modified wood. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11030327"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research of bioinspired artificial wood","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137209","article-title":"Innovation potential of wood constructions in the context of sustainability and efficiency of the construction industry","volume":"411","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Kuzman, M.K., Sandberg, D., and Haviarova, E. (2018, January 20\u201323). Architects\u2019 perception of EWPs and modified wood in contemporary timber architecture. Proceedings of the WCTE 2018\u20142018 World Conference on Timber Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor2380-010","article-title":"Wood modification technologies\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Sandberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"IForest"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580410017825","article-title":"Differently modified wood: Comparison of some selected properties","volume":"19","author":"Epmeier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Despot, R., Hasan, M., Jambrekovi\u0107, V., and \u017dup\u010di\u0107, I. (2006, January 11\u201315). Ecological aspects of wood modification for the sake of service life extension. Proceedings of the 17th International Scientific Conference: European Union\u2014Challenges and Perspectives for the Wood-Processing Industry, Zagreb, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kl\u00e9bert, S., Mohai, M., and Csisz\u00e1r, E. (2022). Can Plasma Surface Treatment Replace Traditional Wood Modification Methods?. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12040487"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.7569\/RAA.2013.097308","article-title":"Surface modification of wood: A critical review","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117046","article-title":"Fabrication of a bamboo-based glulam based on reconstitution unit innovation: Mechanical property investigation and carbon footprint evaluation","volume":"202","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kytka, T., Ga\u0161par\u00edk, M., Sahula, L., Nov\u00e1k, D., Karami, E., Das, S., and Svit\u00e1k, M. (2024). Predicted and Experimental Bending Behaviour of Glulam Bonded by RPF Adhesive. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17020514"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jambrekovi\u0107, B., Bajsi\u0107, E.G., \u0160pani\u0107, N., Sedlar, T., and Sinkovi\u0107, T. (2022). Viscoelastic and Thermal Properties of Styrene Modified Fir Wood. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14040786"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Koddenberg, T. (2012). Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-021-01753-8","article-title":"The potential of improving wood preservative penetration into glued wood products bonded with one-component polyurethane by discontinuous adhesive bondline design","volume":"80","author":"Kuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-021-01756-5","article-title":"Combined effect of organosolv delignification\/polymerization on the set recovery of densified poplar wood","volume":"80","author":"Yahyaee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.3679","article-title":"Swelling and water resistance of black poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) modified by polymerisation in lumen with styrene","volume":"110","author":"Radomski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. WULS For. Wood Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"345","article-title":"Water resistance and swelling of black poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) modified by polymerisation in lumen with acrylate polymers","volume":"104","author":"Radomski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. WULS For. Wood Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/20426445.2020.1776486","article-title":"Wood-polymer composites produced by in situ polymerization of styrene into juvenile and mature pine woods","volume":"11","author":"Acosta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Wood Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"149","article-title":"Effect of chemical modification with styrene and glycidyl methacrylate on the properties of pinewood","volume":"13","author":"Devi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12981","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ra00741g","article-title":"Improvement of wood material properties via in situ polymerization of styrene into tosylated cell walls","volume":"4","author":"Ermeydan","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Property improvement of wood polymer composites with glycidyl methacrylate","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuhe Cailiao Xuebao\/Acta Mater. Compos. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiang, T., Chou, Y., and Gao, H. (2019). Environmental impacts of styrene-butadiene-styrene toughened wood fiber\/polylactide composites: A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183402"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-015-0888-y","article-title":"Usability of maleic anhydride as wood modification agent for the production of medium density fibreboards (MDF)","volume":"73","author":"Hundhausen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rowell, R.M. (2016, January 22\u201324). Acetylated wood: A stable and durable structural building material. Proceedings of the WCTE 2016\u2014World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2016), Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2021.1872701","article-title":"Mechanical properties and biological durability in soil contact of chemically modified wood treated in an open or in a closed system using glycerol\/maleic anhydride systems","volume":"17","author":"Mubarok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.554-557.996","article-title":"Effect of surface pretreatment on the performance of adhesive-bonded joints","volume":"554\u2013557","author":"Mandolfino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040009","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0119448","article-title":"Determination of tensile shear strength of lap joints of planed and sanded beech wood","volume":"2611","author":"Jerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2018.05.012","article-title":"The effect of pH on surface activation of wood polymer composites (WPCs) with hydrogen peroxide for improved adhesion","volume":"85","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2488\/jwrs.55.285","article-title":"Effects of Ozonization on Properties of Wood-Based Board Bonded with Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Polyethylene Glycol Adhesive","volume":"55","author":"Korai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mokuzai Gakkaishi\/J. Jpn. Wood Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.26-28.181","article-title":"Performance of wood-polymer composite prepared by in-situ polymerization of styrene","volume":"26\u201328","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2022.2143281","article-title":"Thermal and chemical modification of wood\u2013a combined approach for exclusive, high-demanding performance products","volume":"18","author":"Goli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"26","article-title":"Styrene Modified Natural Rubber Used for Waterborne Wood Coatings","volume":"39","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gaofenzi Cailiao Kexue Yu Gongcheng\/Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.09.010","article-title":"Mechanical properties and decay resistance of wood-polymer composites prepared from fast growing species in Turkey","volume":"96","author":"Yildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh-Korb, Z., and Av\u00e9rous, L. (2020). Wood-Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites: Building and Reconstruction Materials of the Future. Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites for Industrial Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821497-8.00023-X"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129671","article-title":"Regional environmental life cycle consequences of material substitutions: The case of increasing wood structures for non-residential buildings","volume":"328","author":"Cordier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maulana, M.I., Lubis, M.A.R., Febrianto, F., Hua, L.S., Iswanto, A.H., Antov, P., Kristak, L., Mardawati, E., Sari, R.K., and Zaini, L.H. (2022). Environmentally Friendly Starch-Based Adhesives for Bonding High-Performance Wood Composites: A Review. Forests, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/f13101614"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ03825A","article-title":"Property enhancement and DFT study of wood polymer composites using rosin derivatives as co-monomers","volume":"42","author":"Mandal","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2017-0142","article-title":"Radiata pine wood treatment with a dispersion of aqueous styrene\/acrylic acid copolymer","volume":"72","author":"Che","year":"2018","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.R., and Lai, J.C.H. (2018). Introduction to Reinforcing Potential of Various Clay and Monomers Dispersed Wood Nanocomposites. Wood Polymer Nanocomposites, Springer.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102129-3.00001-4"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.20265","article-title":"Effect of glycidyl methacrylate on the physical properties of wood-polymer composites","volume":"28","author":"Devi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2019-0176","article-title":"An effective technique for constructing wood composite with superior dimensional stability","volume":"74","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"491","article-title":"Structural characterization of wood-polymer composite prepared by In Situ polymerization of styrene","volume":"675","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5552\/drind.2016.1624","article-title":"Feasibility of using foamed styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) co-polymer in wood based composites [Mogu\u0107nosti primjene upjenjenog kopolimera stiren anhidrida maleinske kiseline (SMA) u kompozitima na bazi drva]","volume":"67","author":"Zor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drv. Ind."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Li, Y., Rojas, R., and Berglund, L. (2018). Transparent Wood and a Method for Its Preparation. (US20200023546A1)."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Yager, T.A. (1972). Method for Preparing Plastic Impregnated Wood By Radiation Polymerization. (5861366), U.S. Patent, pp. 2\u20135."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kelley, J.M. (1995). Styrene Polymerization Process. (WO1995017438A1)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Schneider, M. (2001). Wood Impregnation. (WO2001053050A2)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Yoshino, T.T. (2024). Recycled Styrene-Based Resin Composition and Molded Article Comprising Same. (WO2024204320A1)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Wilhelmus, B., Van Veen, Y., Meuchelb\u00f6ck, J., Ruckd\u00e4schel, H., and Weingart, N. (2024). Expandierbare, Thermoplastische Polymerpartikel mit Rezyklat-Anteil und Verfahren zu Deren Herstellung. (WO2024008911A1)."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2008.02.002","article-title":"Determination of weight percent gain in solid wood modified with in situ cured furfuryl alcohol by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"92","author":"Rinnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2006). Adhesives\u2014Determination of Conventional Solids Content and Constant Mass Solids Content (Standard No. EN 827)."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2016). Adhesives\u2014Wood Adhesives for Non-Structural Applications\u2014Determination of Tensile Shear Strength of Lap Joints. Standard No. EN 205."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.17221\/59\/2008-JFS","article-title":"Selected properties of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)","volume":"54","author":"Gryc","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00914039608029385","article-title":"Dimensional stability of several wood species treated with vinyl monomers and polyethylene glycol-1000","volume":"32","author":"Alma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31032","article-title":"A new methodology in the study of PVAc-based adhesive formulations","volume":"114","author":"Salvini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2016.06.003","article-title":"Innovation in poly(vinyl acetate) water resistant D3 glues used in wood industry","volume":"70","author":"Chiozza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2005.06.002","article-title":"Simple model to estimate adhesion of structural bonding during humid ageing","volume":"26","author":"Popineau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/00218460601102894","article-title":"Concentration dependence of moisture diffusivity in aluminum particle filled epoxy adhesive in salt solutions","volume":"83","author":"Kahraman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"43","article-title":"Preparation of resorcinol formaldehyde resin adhesive with low toxicity and its film properties","volume":"38","author":"Di","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hecheng Shuzhi Ji Suliao\/China Synth. Resin Plast."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-012-0620-0","article-title":"Adhesive bonding of beech wood modified with a phenol formaldehyde compound","volume":"70","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"95","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives Modified by the Phenolic Lignin","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Ind. For. Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072005000200002","article-title":"Differential scanning calorimetry and dinamic mechanical analysis of phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resins","volume":"50","author":"Lisperguer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"43","article-title":"Thermal analysis and adhesive properties of phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resins [An\u00e1lisis t\u00e9rmico y propiedades adhesivas de resinas fenol-resorcinol-formaldeh\u00eddo]","volume":"16","author":"Lisperguery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inf. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"20","article-title":"Studies on synthesis and properties of urea formaldehyde adhesives","volume":"30","author":"Sheikh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Pak."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2015.04.002","article-title":"Tensile shear strength of wood bonded with urea-formaldehyde with different amounts of microfibrillated cellulose","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"723","article-title":"The effect of boron compounds impregnation on physical and mechanical properties of wood polymer composites","volume":"60","author":"Gecer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wood Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.8.3.4227-4237","article-title":"Combined Styrene\/MMA\/Nanoclay Cross-linker Effect on Wood-Polymer Composites (WPCs)","volume":"8","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"495","article-title":"Shear Bond Strength of Two-Layered Hardwood Strips Bonded with Polyvinyl Acetate and Polyurethane Adhesives","volume":"12","author":"Gaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Pizzi, A. (2017). Epoxy adhesives. Handbook of Adhesive Technology, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012021","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1265\/1\/012021","article-title":"Analysis Adhesive Strength of Epoxy DGEBA on the Wooden Boat Hull","volume":"1265","author":"Gafur","year":"2023","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Anwar, A., and Botelho, P. (2024, November 29). Carbonic Cleaning for Adhesive Bonding. Available online: https:\/\/www.assemblymag.com\/articles\/95670-carbonic-cleaning-for-adhesive-bonding."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12269","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c02398","article-title":"Cross-Linking Agent Based on the Dynamic Bond and Resultant Epoxy Adhesive with a High Mechanical Property","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-023-02790-x","article-title":"Design, Preparation and Characterization of a High-Performance Epoxy Adhesive with Poly (Butylacrylate-block-styrene) Block Copolymer and Zirconia Nano Particles in Aluminum- Aluminum Bonded Joints","volume":"33","author":"Sohrabian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2019-0056","article-title":"Enhanced bonding of acetylated wood with an MUF-based adhesive and a resorcinol-formaldehyde-based primer","volume":"74","author":"Treu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Holzforschung"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/24\/6212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:55:39Z","timestamp":1760115339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/24\/6212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17246212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17246212","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]}}}