{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:11Z","timestamp":1787028851704,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents the procedure for designing self-compacting cement concrete characterized by minimal free space and a maximally compacted mineral skeleton. Such a designed mix allows for lower cement consumption and an increased amount of mineral additives. The paper presents a broad analysis of the influence of different aggregate proportions (36 recipes) and verification of the properties of the concrete mix using CEM I 42.5 R cements and fly ash. As a result of the appropriately compacted mineral skeleton, only 17% free space was obtained, which will allow the amount of cement to be reduced from 500 kg\/m3 to 350 kg\/m3 while fully maintaining the properties of the mix and hardened concrete. After 90 days of curing, SCC concrete was characterized by a compressive strength above 68 MPa and a small 2.1% decrease in compressive strength after 100 freeze\u2013thaw cycles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T04:45:49Z","timestamp":1735015549000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design of Self-Compacting Concrete with Reduced Cement Content by Aggregate Packing Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4522-2750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Rudnicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Self-compacting high performance concrete","volume":"19","author":"Okamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Concr. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Okamura, H., Maekawa, K., and Ozawa, K. (1993). High Performance Concrete, Gihoudou Pub.. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"56","article-title":"ACI defines high performance concrete","volume":"21","author":"Henry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Concr. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Aitcin, P.C. (1998). High Performance Concrete, E&FN SPON."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Okamura, H. (1999). Self-Compacting High Performance Concrete, Social System Institute. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"9","article-title":"Self-compacting concrete","volume":"33","author":"Bartos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Concrete"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Chai, H.W. (1998). Design and Testing of Self-Compacting Concrete. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College London]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, X., Zhao, M., Qiu, X., Wang, Y., and Ru, Y. (2022). The Optimization of Mix Proportion Design for SCC: Experimental Study and Grey Relational Analysis. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041305"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudnicki, T. (2021). Functional Method of Designing Self-Compacting Concrete. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020267"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mindess, S., and Bentur, A. (1999). Concrete Mixture Proportioning\u2014A Scientific Approach, E&FN SPON."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2012). Cement\u2014Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements (Standard No. PN-EN 197-1:2012)."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2009). Admixtures for Concrete, Mortar and Grout\u2014Part 1: Common Requirements (Standard No. PN-EN 934-1:2009)."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2010). Administrative for Concrete, Mortar and Grout\u2014Part 2: Concrete Admixtures\u2014Definitions, Requirements, Conformity, Marking and Labelling (Standard No. EN 934-2:2010)."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2004). Mixing Water for Concrete\u2014Specification for Sampling, Testing and Assessing the Suitability of Water, Including Water Recovered from Processes in the Concrete Industry, as Mixing Water for Concrete (Standard No. PN-EN 1008:2004)."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"10","article-title":"The method of aggregate skeleton in self-compacting concrete designing with segment regression","volume":"21","author":"Rudnicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Beton"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, X., Geng, H., Shi, K., Song, L., Li, S., and Liu, G. (2021). Study on Adaptability of Test Methods for Workability of Fresh Self-Compacting SFRC. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185312"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Billberg, P. (1999). Fine mortar rheology in mix design of SCC. First International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, RILEM Publications, S.A.R.L."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Tangtermsirikul, S., and Van, B.K. (1995, January 19\u201320). Blocking criteria for aggregate phase of self-compacting high-performance concrete. Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Infrastructure Development in Civil Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Billberg, P. (1999). Self-Compacting Concrete for Civil Engineering Structures\u2014The Swedish Experience, Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute. CBI Rapport 2."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00811-6","article-title":"Rapid testing method for segregation resistance of self-compacting concrete","volume":"32","author":"Montgomery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(01)00566-X","article-title":"A simple mix design method for self-compacting concrete","volume":"31","author":"Su","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ouchi, M. (1998, January 23\u201326). State-of-the-art Report: Self-Compatibility Evaluation for Mix-proportioning and Inspection. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Self-Compacting Concrete, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Persson, B. (2001). Mix Proportions and Strength of SCC for Production of High Strength Poles, Piles and Pillars, Technical University. M\u00fcnchener Baustoffseminar Selbstverdichtender Beton."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Petersson, O., Billberg, P., and Van, B.K. (1996). A Model for Self-Compacting Concrete, Production Methods and Workability of Concrete, E&FN Spon."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Van, B.K., and Montgomery, D. (1999, January 13\u201314). Mixture proportioning method for SCC HPC with minimum pasta volume. Proceedings of the 1st International RILEM Symposium on SCC, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Neville, A.M. (2012). W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci Betonu, Book V Edycja, Polski Cement."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Liu, S., Yu, L., and Xu, L. (2021). A Comprehensive Study on the Hardening Features and Performance of Self-Compacting Concrete with High-Volume Fly Ash and Slag. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154286"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Japanese Ready-Mixed Concrete Association (1998). Manual of Producing High Fluidity (Self-Compacting) Concrete, Japanese Ready-Mixed Concrete Association. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00504-4","article-title":"Self-compacting concrete incorporating high volumes of class F fly ash Preliminary results","volume":"31","author":"Bouzoubaa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glinicki, M.A., Go\u0142aszewski, J., and Cygan, G. (2021). Formwork Pressure of a Heavyweight Self-Compacting Concrete Mix. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14061549"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Devore, J.L. (2008). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Science, Thomson Brooks\/Cole. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Chiara, F.F., Lynn, B., Celik, O., and Joseph, D. (2000, January 25\u201327). Durable Bridges and Transportation Structures. Proceedings of the International Symposium on High Performance Concrete, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure on Compressive Strength of Self-Consolidating Concrete","volume":"12","author":"Horszczaruk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Archit."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:58:58Z","timestamp":1760115538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]}}}