{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T21:22:04Z","timestamp":1785014524497,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022D01B104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01B104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydraulic structures are frequently subjected to soft-water or acidic environments, necessitating serious consideration of the long-term effects of calcium leaching on the durability of concrete structures. Three types of common Portland cement (ordinary Portland cement, moderate-heat cement, and low-heat cement) paste samples widely applied to hydraulic concrete were immersed in a 6 mol\/L NH4Cl solution to simulate accelerated calcium leaching behavior. The mass loss, porosity, leaching depth, compressive strength, and Ca\/Si ratio of the three types of pastes were measured at different immersion stages (0, 14, 28, 56, 91, 140, and 180 days). The Vickers hardness index was employed to compare cement samples subjected to erosion for 30 and 180 days. The microstructure and composition of the mineralogical phases of the leached samples were also determined by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy. Accordingly, the time-varying behavior and deterioration mechanism of the different cements subjected to leaching were contrastively revealed. The results showed that the calcium leaching resistance of the low-heat cement was the best, followed by the moderate-heat cement and ordinary Portland cement, proving that the content and structure of Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H gels were closely related to the leaching performance of the cement. The less Ca(OH)2 and more aggregated C-H-S gels produced by C2S led to better calcium leaching resistance in the cement. Therefore, the leaching performance of Portland cement could be effectively improved by reducing the content of C3S and increasing the content of C2S, and the dissolution rate of calcium ions under leaching could be reduced by controlling the low initial calcium content in cementitious materials. This paper offers theoretical guidance for mitigating the long-term effects of calcium leaching on hydraulic concrete structures by conducting a comprehensive comparative analysis of the damage behavior and deterioration mechanisms of various types of Portland cement under identical erosion conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18010212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T09:17:02Z","timestamp":1736155022000},"page":"212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparative Study on the Calcium Leaching Resistance of Low-Heat Cement, Moderate-Heat Cement, and Ordinary Portland Cement Pastes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5200-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunmeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3800-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2005.09.002","article-title":"A thermodynamic model of dissolution and precipitation of calcium silicate hydrates","volume":"36","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. 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