{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:34:17Z","timestamp":1791052457111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science (Poland)","award":["WI\/WB-II\u015a\/8\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WI\/WB-II\u015a\/8\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science (Poland)","award":["WZ\/WB-II\u015a\/2\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WB-II\u015a\/2\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flammability and smoke generation of glass-fiber-reinforced polyester laminates (GFRPs) modified with L-arginine phosphate (ArgPA) have been investigated. The composition, structure, and thermal degradation processes of ArgPA were assessed by the elemental, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analyses. Flammability and smoke emission of GFRPs varying by different amounts (5\u201315 wt.%) of bio-based flame retardant (FR) prepared via hand lay-up method were assessed in terms of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and smoke density tests. It was observed that the addition of ArgPA results in the formation of a charred layer with visible bubbles. The LOI of GFRP with 15 wt.% of ArgPA increased from 20.73 V\/V % (non-modified GFRP) to 24.55 V\/V %, and the material classification was improved from combustible to self-extinguishing. FRs usually increase the specific optical density of smoke, which was also observed for ArgPA-modified GFRPs. However, the specific optical density of smoke at the 4th minute of measurement (Ds(4)) obtained for ArgPA-modified GFRPs was lower than for GFRPs modified with commercially used APP. TG\/FTIR studies of resin modified with ArgPA revealed the presence of phosphorus compounds and non-combustible gases in the decomposition products. Results demonstrate the potential of ArgPA as an effective, bio-based FR for the enhancement of GFRP fire safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18020286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T06:25:54Z","timestamp":1736490354000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glass\/Polyester Laminates Modified with L-Arginine Phosphate\u2014Effects on the Flammability and Smoke Emission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8193-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Dowbysz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4981-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariola","family":"Samsonowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5049-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Kukfisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Safety Engineering, Fire University, Slowackiego Street 52\/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Koperniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute of Aviation, 110\/114 Krakowska Avenue, 02-256 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowbysz, A., Samsonowicz, M., and Kukfisz, B. 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