{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T04:43:13Z","timestamp":1773463393830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province","award":["QN2025191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2025191"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province","award":["52475354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475354"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province","award":["CXY2024054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXY2024054"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province","award":["2021ZXA06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZXA06"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["QN2025191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2025191"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52475354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475354"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CXY2024054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXY2024054"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021ZXA06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZXA06"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Department of Education Industry University Research Special Project: Key Technology Research on Welding Process of Bicycle Parts","award":["QN2025191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2025191"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Department of Education Industry University Research Special Project: Key Technology Research on Welding Process of Bicycle Parts","award":["52475354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475354"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Department of Education Industry University Research Special Project: Key Technology Research on Welding Process of Bicycle Parts","award":["CXY2024054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXY2024054"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Department of Education Industry University Research Special Project: Key Technology Research on Welding Process of Bicycle Parts","award":["2021ZXA06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZXA06"]}]},{"name":"China Minmetals Corporation Science and Technology Special Plan Project","award":["QN2025191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2025191"]}]},{"name":"China Minmetals Corporation Science and Technology Special Plan Project","award":["52475354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475354"]}]},{"name":"China Minmetals Corporation Science and Technology Special Plan Project","award":["CXY2024054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXY2024054"]}]},{"name":"China Minmetals Corporation Science and Technology Special Plan Project","award":["2021ZXA06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZXA06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The shift fork shaft is a key component in transmissions, connecting the shift fork in order to adjust the gear engagement. This study investigates the effects of different welding sequences on deformation and residual stress during plasma welding of the shift fork shaft. A temperature-displacement coupled finite element method, using ABAQUS simulation software and a double ellipsoid heat source model, was employed for the numerical analysis. The simulation results show that welding in the same and opposite directions leads to opposite deformation directions but similar deformation magnitudes. However, opposite-direction welding generates more significant stress concentration. After determining an optimal welding process, experimental welding was conducted. Microstructural observations of the weld seam and critical areas, along with mechanical property tests, revealed that the welds were well formed with no surface defects. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) exhibited a mixture of martensitic and non-martensitic phases, while the fusion zone (FZ) underwent phase transformation and recrystallization, forming fine-grained ferrite with martensite. Microhardness (HRC) in the weld seam ranged from 35 to 50, with the FZ and HAZ hardness higher than that of the base material (BM). The second weld pass showed significantly higher hardness in the FZ than the first pass. The tensile strength of the weld joint reached 94% of the base material strength, though plasticity and toughness were reduced. Fracture surface analysis indicated a combination of brittle cleavage and localized plastic deformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18020288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T06:25:54Z","timestamp":1736490354000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimization of Plasma Welding Sequence and Performance Verification for a Fork Shaft: A Comparison of Same-Direction and Reverse-Direction Welding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jianguang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peigang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tangshan Caofeidian Shiye Port Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China MCC22 Group Corporation Ltd., Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qilin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China MCC22 Group Corporation Ltd., Tangshan 063000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-10280-6","article-title":"Effect of plasma welding current on heat source penetration ability of plasma-GMAW hybrid welding","volume":"123","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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