{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:20:00Z","timestamp":1787836800839,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The natural aging process of the human organism leads to both physiological and pathological changes, including tooth loss. This requires dental prosthetic interventions aimed at restoring patients\u2019 quality of life. The use of such prostheses necessitates selection of sufficiently strong, aesthetic and biocompatible materials, which also offer ease of shaping. The market for materials used in prosthetic applications offers a wide array of options; however, selection of the most suitable material for specific clinical scenarios can be challenging for dental professionals. This paper continues the comprehensive investigation of the physiochemical and mechanical\/functional properties of two commonly used prosthetic\u2014Biocetal and BioHPP\u2014offering a comparative analysis of their characteristics to provide valuable insights for dentists and prosthodontists. The study focuses on in vitro analyses of physiochemical parameters, including density, water sorption, contact angle, and surface roughness. The structure of the materials was examined via scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, microbiological studies were performed using strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, Q-Q plot analysis, Grubbs test, and Student\u2019s T-test (p &lt; 0.05). The findings indicate that BioHPP demonstrates superior physiochemical and microbiological properties. However, Biocetal exhibit better surface characteristics. Despite its high performance, BioHPP presents certain drawbacks, which may influence dentists\u2019 material choice in specific clinical cases, particularly for certain prosthetic restorations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18030519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T09:01:13Z","timestamp":1737622873000},"page":"519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of the Performance Parameters of BioHPP\u00ae and Biocetal\u00ae Used in the Production of Prosthetic Restorations in Dentistry\u2014Part II: Physicochemical and Microbiological Tests: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prosthetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Av. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0394-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Fr\u0105ckiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ra-Dent Stomatologia Protetyka, Boles\u0142awa Krzywoustego Street 19\/5, 70-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Av. Piast\u00f3w 19, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-2091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Adamiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Testing Laboratory\u2014RMT L1, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego Street 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5785-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Pruss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Av. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Sobolewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prosthetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Av. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"An in vitro investigation of water sorption and solubility of two acetal denture base materials","volume":"13","author":"Arikan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prosth. Rest. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"353","article-title":"The influence of nutritional factors and saliva pH on the shade of resin","volume":"16","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S520","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_841_23","article-title":"Interrelationship between Candida Colonization, Dentures, and Mucosal Tissue Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Denture Stomatitis","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"170","article-title":"\u017bywotno\u015b\u0107 podstawowych szczep\u00f3w bakteryjnych na wybranych materia\u0142ach protetycznych","volume":"59","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Protet. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"68","article-title":"Bacteria adhesion to the surface of various prosthetics materials","volume":"2","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Stetin."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"17","article-title":"\u017bywica acetalowa jako zewn\u0119trzny czynnik alergizuj\u0105cy w \u015brodowisku jamy ustnej\u2013badania kliniczne i laboratoryjne","volume":"47","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"45","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw \u017cywicy acetalowej na tkanki w badaniach in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Protet. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"419","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw \u017cywicy acetalowej na tkanki w badaniach na szczurach szczepu Wistar","volume":"58","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Protet. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"33","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw wybranych materia\u0142\u00f3w stosowanych w protetyce odtw\u00f3rczej na reakcj\u0119 tkanek w badaniach in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-6605(94)90135-X","article-title":"The physical properties of a polyacetal denture resin","volume":"17","author":"Fitton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"6","article-title":"Acetal Resins","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Salamone","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Combe, E.C. (1997). Wst\u0119p do Materia\u0142oznawstwa Stomatologicznego, Wydawnictwo Medyczne Sanmedica. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"184","article-title":"Delrin material characteristics","volume":"5","author":"Clark","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Heart. Valve Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"12","article-title":"Acetal Resins (Homopolymers, Copolymers, and Block Copolymers)","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Salamone","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Szlezynger, W. (1996). Tworzywa Sztuczne, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.PJ2007076","article-title":"Structural refinement and extraction of hydrogen atomic positions in polyoxymethylene crystal based on the first successful measurements of 2-dimensional high-energy synchroton X-ray diffraction and wide-angle neutron diff raction patterns of hydrogenated and deuterated species","volume":"39","author":"Tashiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.031","article-title":"Physicochemical and biological assessment of PEEK composites embedding natural amorphous silica fibers for biomedical applications","volume":"79","author":"Monich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(84)90260-X","article-title":"Characterization and exposure of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to fluid environments","volume":"25","author":"Stober","year":"1984","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760250808","article-title":"Victrex poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and Victrex poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)","volume":"25","author":"Searle","year":"1985","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(99)00259-1","article-title":"The influence of thermal history on the dynamic mechanical and dielectric studies of polyetheretherketone exposed to water and brine","volume":"41","author":"Boinard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2013.05.012","article-title":"Strength of poly-etherether-ketone: Effects of sterilisation and thermal ageing","volume":"32","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2015.10.001","article-title":"Applications of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in oral implantology and prosthodontics","volume":"60","author":"Najeeb","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"580","article-title":"The Use of a modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as an alternative framework material for removable dental prostheses: A clinical report","volume":"25","author":"Zoidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.12.050","article-title":"Influence of interphase layer on the overall elasto-plastic behaviors of HA\/PEEK biocomposite","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"188","article-title":"Potential of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon\u2013fibre \u2013reinforcedPEEK in medical applications","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone\u2013cytotoxity and putagenicity in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Katzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1563\/AAID-JOI-D-11-00002","article-title":"PEEK dental implants: A review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Schwitalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Implant."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-008-9283-0","article-title":"Antibacterial property of cold-sprayed HA-Ag\/PEEK coating","volume":"18","author":"Sanpo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Techn."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.085","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone\/nano-fluorohydroxyapatite composite with antimicrobial activity and osseointegration properties","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.32932","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone-a suitable material for fixed dental prostheses?","volume":"101","author":"Stawarczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.013","article-title":"PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants","volume":"28","author":"Kurtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12706","article-title":"PEEK Materials as an Alternative to Titanium in Dental Implants: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"407","article-title":"After Titanium, Peek?","volume":"113","author":"Meningaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Stomatol. Chir. Maxillofac."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-16-00072","article-title":"Bioactivity and Osseointegration of PEEK Are Inferior to Those of Titanium: A Systematic Review","volume":"42","author":"Najeeb","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.07.011","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone as a biomaterial for spinal applications","volume":"27","author":"Toth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"99","article-title":"Allergy to Metal Implants Used in Orthopaedics","volume":"24","author":"Dabrowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Post. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.15713\/ins.jcri.252","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone In prosthodontics\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Pai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Clin. Res. Insights"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5359-1","article-title":"Apatite-forming PEEK with TiO2 surface layer coating","volume":"26","author":"Kizuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2014.12.061","article-title":"Mechanical impact behavior of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)","volume":"124","author":"Rusinek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2024). Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic\u2014Determination of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties (Standard No. PN-ISO 37:2024)."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Broniewski, T., Kapko, J., P\u0142aczek, W., and Thomalla, J. (2000). Metody Bada\u0144 i Ocena W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci Tworzyw Sztucznych, WNT."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"ROKO (2024, December 02). Dental Systems Manufacturer Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.sklep.rokodent.com\/biocetal-250g-p-220.html."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2024, December 02). Bredent Manufacturer Website. Available online: https:\/\/bredent.pl\/files\/breCAM_consumables_000500GB_Pape_15_16_17.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"90","article-title":"Comparative study of surface roughness between polyamide, thermoplastic polymethyl methacrylate and acetal resins flexible denture base materials before and after polishing","volume":"12","author":"Mekkawy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"5055","article-title":"Retentive force and surface roughness of partial removable frameworks fabricated from conventional chrome-cobalt and CAD\/CAM modified poly-ether-etherketone materials (within-subject evaluation)","volume":"62","author":"Mekawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cad. Cam."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.11.029","article-title":"Surface roughness of high-performance polymers used for fixed implant-supported prostheses","volume":"126","author":"Batak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mory, N., Cascos, R., Celem\u00edn-Vi\u00f1uela, A., G\u00f3mez-Polo, C., Agust\u00edn-Panadero, R., and G\u00f3mez-Polo, M. (2023). Comparison of the Surface Roughness of CAD\/CAM Metal-Free Materials Used for Complete-Arch Implant-Supported Prostheses: An In Vitro Study. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11113036"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-17-00144","article-title":"Can PEEK Be an Implant Material? Evaluation of Surface Topography and Wettability of Filled Versus Unfilled PEEK With Different Surface Roughness","volume":"43","author":"Elawadly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(97)80038-3","article-title":"Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: A review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Bollen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1990.tb01077.x","article-title":"The influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation. An in vivo study in man","volume":"17","author":"Quirynen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/3\/519\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:34:41Z","timestamp":1759919681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/3\/519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18030519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18030519","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]}}}